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Summary Brussels Talking: Europe, Media and Society

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Very complete document with class notes and course material included Grade in first exam session: 15/20

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  • 20 juni 2021
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  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting

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BRUSSELS‌‌TALKING:‌‌ ‌
EUROPE,‌‌MEDIA‌‌AND‌‌SOCIETY‌ ‌

2020-2021‌ ‌
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MASTER‌‌NEW‌‌MEDIA‌‌&‌‌SOCIETY‌‌ ‌ ‌PROF.‌‌MORGANTI‌ ‌

D.L.Y.‌ ‌
‌

, ‌

BRUSSELS‌‌TALKING‌‌LECTURE‌‌SERIES‌ ‌

EXAM‌‌QUESTIONS‌‌ ‌
‌

LECTURE‌‌1:‌‌ELIANA‌‌GARCES‌ ‌


1.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌Garces:‌‌“Facebook‌‌does‌‌not‌‌sell‌‌data”.‌‌Contextualise‌‌and‌‌assess‌‌this‌‌claim.‌‌E.g.‌‌explain,‌‌according‌‌to‌‌Garces,‌‌
what‌‌Facebook‌‌shares‌‌with‌‌its‌‌partners‌‌(advertisers)‌‌and‌‌connect‌‌the‌‌claim‌‌to‌‌the‌‌cambridge‌‌analytica‌‌scandal.‌‌Present‌‌and‌‌
motivate‌‌your‌‌opinion.‌ ‌

● According‌‌to‌‌Garces:‌‌Facebook‌‌does‌‌not‌‌/‌‌cannot‌‌sell‌‌data‌‌ever!‌‌ ‌
○ Misconception‌‌that‌‌people‌‌have‌ ‌→‌‌data‌‌is‌‌not‌‌sold,‌‌sometimes‌‌shared‌‌in‌‌partnerships‌ ‌
○ The‌‌actual‌‌data‌‌itself‌‌is‌‌barely‌‌shared‌‌→‌‌share‌‌outcome‌‌of‌‌data,‌‌not‌‌the‌‌information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌people‌‌→‌‌help‌‌them‌‌
reach,‌‌but‌‌won’t‌‌provide‌‌the‌‌information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌users‌ ‌
○ User‌‌level‌‌data‌‌is‌‌not‌‌shared,‌‌allow‌‌the‌‌partner‌‌companies‌‌to‌‌reach‌‌people‌‌based‌‌on‌‌profiling‌‌user‌‌data,‌‌but‌‌don’t‌‌
share‌‌the‌‌data‌‌/‌‌characteristics‌‌ ‌
● Facebook‌‌and‌‌data‌‌ ‌

DATA‌‌GATHERED‌‌BY‌‌FB‌ ‌ DATA‌‌USED‌‌BY‌‌FB‌ ‌


○ Information‌ ‌provided‌ ‌when‌ ‌you’re‌ ‌using‌ ‌the‌‌ ○ Improve‌‌and‌‌personalise‌‌content‌‌(including‌‌ads)‌‌ ‌
product‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌sharing,‌‌likes,‌‌pictures,‌‌uploads‌)‌‌ ‌ ○ Provide‌ ‌a‌ ‌service‌ ‌to‌ ‌commercial‌ ‌partners‌ ‌→‌ ‌tell‌‌
○ Behaviour‌‌is‌‌followed‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌pages‌‌visited,‌‌metadata‌)‌ ‌ them‌ ‌what‌ ‌kind‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌‌visit‌‌them,‌‌engage‌‌with‌‌
○ When‌ ‌you‌ ‌use‌ ‌Facebook‌ ‌login,‌ ‌like‌ ‌something‌ ‌→‌‌ them,‌‌like‌‌you,‌‌how‌‌they‌‌react‌‌to‌‌it‌ ‌
operating‌‌in‌‌Facebook‌‌ecosystem‌‌(at‌‌the‌‌edges‌‌of‌‌it)‌‌ ○ Safety‌‌and‌‌integrity‌‌of‌‌platform‌‌ ‌
→‌‌some‌‌of‌‌your‌‌behaviour‌‌will‌‌then‌‌be‌‌collected‌ ‌ ○ Research:‌ ‌sometimes‌ ‌available‌ ‌to‌ ‌non-profit‌‌
○ Turns‌ ‌data‌ ‌into‌ ‌something‌ ‌that‌ ‌is‌ ‌acted‌ ‌on‌ ‌by‌‌ entities‌‌ ‌
commercial‌‌partners‌ ‌

‌
● Facebook‌‌enables‌‌partners‌‌to‌‌benefit‌‌from‌‌the‌‌value‌‌of‌‌data‌‌→‌‌aggregate‌‌data‌‌is‌‌shared‌‌in‌‌partnerships‌‌ ‌
○ Very‌‌rarely‌‌share‌‌/‌‌open‌‌up‌‌individual‌‌data‌‌→‌‌aggregate‌‌data‌‌offer‌‌back‌‌to‌‌businesses‌‌that‌‌work‌‌with‌‌them‌ ‌
■ Because‌‌of‌‌privacy‌‌constraints‌‌do‌‌not‌‌share‌‌data‌‌unless‌‌under‌‌very‌‌tight‌‌constraints‌‌ ‌
○ What‌‌is‌‌this‌‌‘aggregate‌‌data’‌‌→‌‌if‌‌you‌‌have‌‌a‌‌page‌‌/‌‌business‌‌on‌‌Facebook‌‌ ‌
1. Audience‌‌insights‌‌(product)‌‌accessible‌‌online‌‌ ‌
■ Go‌‌to‌‌this‌‌tool,‌‌description‌‌of‌‌who‌‌is‌‌engaging‌‌with‌‌you‌ ‌
■ What‌‌type‌‌of‌‌people‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌age,‌‌gender,‌‌where‌‌they‌‌live,‌‌what‌‌their‌‌income‌‌level‌‌is,‌‌…‌‌anything‌‌in‌‌the‌‌profile‌)‌‌→‌‌in‌‌
aggregate‌‌version‌‌ ‌
■ Can‌‌see‌‌who‌‌else‌‌is‌‌on‌‌FB‌‌→‌‌look‌‌for‌‌people‌‌that‌‌look‌‌like‌‌your‌‌audience‌‌to‌‌target‌‌them‌‌ ‌
■ Even‌‌if‌‌company‌‌of‌‌five‌‌people,‌‌want‌‌to‌‌grow‌‌→‌‌free‌‌tool‌‌ ‌
2. A‌‌/‌‌B‌‌testing‌‌tools‌‌ ‌
■ Allow‌‌companies‌‌to‌‌experiment‌‌on‌‌FB‌ ‌
■ Product‌ ‌online,‌ ‌modify‌ ‌it‌ ‌in‌ ‌two‌ ‌different‌ ‌ways‌ ‌(two‌ ‌subsets‌ ‌of‌ ‌audience),‌ ‌see‌ ‌their‌ ‌reaction,‌ ‌what‌‌
transformation‌‌/‌‌modification‌‌is‌‌the‌‌most‌‌attractive‌‌ ‌
■ Way‌‌to‌‌let‌‌products‌‌evolve‌‌and‌‌testing‌‌them,‌‌experiment‌‌to‌‌what‌‌it‌‌is‌‌that‌‌people‌‌like‌‌ ‌
■ Provide‌‌these‌‌capabilities‌‌to‌‌evolve‌‌products‌‌to‌‌fit‌‌the‌‌users‌‌better‌‌ ‌

1‌ ‌

, ‌

3. E.g.‌‌CrowdTangle:‌‌public‌‌insights‌‌tool‌‌that‌‌makes‌‌it‌‌easy‌‌to‌‌follow,‌‌analyse‌‌and‌‌report‌‌on‌‌what’s‌‌happening‌‌with‌‌public‌‌
content‌‌on‌‌social‌‌media‌‌(FB,‌‌Instagram,‌‌Reddit)‌‌→‌‌organisations‌‌primarily‌‌use‌‌CrowdTangle‌‌to‌‌ ‌
■ Follow‌ ‌public‌ ‌content‌ ‌real-time‌ ‌across‌ ‌social‌‌networks,‌‌analyse‌‌and‌‌compare‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌public‌‌accounts‌‌
over‌‌time,‌‌report‌‌→‌‌find‌‌larger‌‌trends‌‌to‌‌understand‌‌how‌‌public‌‌content‌‌spreads‌‌over‌‌social‌‌media‌‌ ‌
■ Used‌‌e.g.‌‌by‌‌journalists‌‌to‌‌track‌‌content‌‌/‌‌social‌‌conversation;‌‌by‌‌content‌‌makers;‌‌for‌‌research‌‌(what‌‌information‌‌
is‌‌spreading‌‌and‌‌how)‌‌ ‌
● Cambridge‌‌Analytica‌‌scandal‌‌‌(2018,‌‌NYT‌‌and‌‌Observer‌‌→‌‌CA‌‌acquired‌‌and‌‌used‌‌personal‌‌data‌‌from‌‌up‌‌to‌‌87‌‌million‌‌FB‌‌
users‌‌(via‌‌‘Your‌‌Digital‌‌Life’)‌‌from‌‌an‌‌external‌‌researcher‌‌who‌‌told‌‌FB‌‌he‌‌was‌‌collecting‌‌it‌‌for‌‌academic‌‌purposes)‌‌ ‌
○ Open‌‌source‌‌capabilities‌‌→‌‌something‌‌most‌‌platforms‌‌have,‌‌tools‌‌to‌‌create‌‌an‌‌environment‌‌of‌‌developers‌‌that‌‌can‌‌
build‌‌services‌‌/‌‌products‌‌using‌‌these‌‌tools‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌object‌‌recognition,‌‌go‌‌through‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌of‌‌pictures‌‌and‌‌know‌‌what’s‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
picture;‌‌video‌‌classification‌‌tools,‌‌…)‌ ‌‌ ‌
○ Access‌‌to‌‌data‌‌to‌‌researcher,‌‌that‌‌then‌‌resold‌‌it‌‌to‌‌a‌‌consultancy‌‌→‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌their‌‌contract,‌‌FB‌‌in‌‌wrong‌‌ ‌
■ Should‌‌have‌‌prevented‌‌it,‌‌more‌‌supervision‌‌over‌‌data‌‌and‌‌third‌‌parties,‌‌but‌‌not‌‌an‌‌intentional‌‌sale‌‌by‌‌FB‌ ‌
○ FB‌‌didn’t‌‌have‌‌the‌‌gartrails‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌that‌‌→‌‌that‌‌is‌‌why‌‌they‌‌were‌‌involved,‌‌Facebook‌‌was‌‌in‌‌fault‌‌ ‌
○ Since‌‌then‌‌→‌‌FB‌‌dramatically‌‌decreased‌‌the‌‌data‌‌that‌‌it‌‌provides‌‌(surely‌‌doesn’t‌‌provide‌‌user‌‌level‌‌data‌‌anymore)‌‌ ‌


2.‌ ‌“As‌ ‌digital‌ ‌networks‌ ‌carry‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌economic‌‌transactions,‌‌the‌‌economic‌‌power‌‌of‌‌network‌‌hubs,‌‌which‌‌connect‌
consumers,‌ ‌firms,‌ ‌and‌ ‌even‌ ‌industries‌ ‌to‌ ‌one‌ ‌another,‌ ‌expands.‌ ‌Once‌ ‌a‌ ‌hub‌‌is‌‌highly‌‌connected‌‌(and‌‌enjoying‌‌increasing‌‌
returns‌ ‌to‌ ‌scale)‌ ‌in‌‌one‌‌sector‌‌of‌‌the‌‌economy‌‌(such‌‌as‌‌mobile‌‌telecommunications),‌‌it‌‌will‌‌enjoy‌‌a‌‌crucial‌‌advantage‌‌as‌‌it‌‌
begins‌‌to‌‌connect‌‌in‌‌a‌‌new‌‌sector‌‌(automobiles,‌‌for‌‌example).”‌‌Critically‌‌assess‌‌this‌‌excerpt‌‌from‌‌managing‌‌our‌‌hub‌‌economy‌‌
(Iansiti‌‌&‌‌Lakhani,‌‌2017,‌‌Harvard‌‌business‌‌review)‌‌and‌‌explain‌‌which‌‌specific‌‌network‌‌effects‌‌are‌‌exploited‌‌by‌‌Facebook.‌ ‌

Hub‌‌economy‌‌ ‌
● Winner-take-all‌‌world‌‌→‌‌small‌‌number‌‌of‌‌“hub‌‌firms”‌‌ ‌
○ They‌ ‌create‌ ‌real‌ ‌value‌ ‌for‌ ‌users‌ ‌but‌ ‌also‌ ‌capture‌ ‌disproportionate‌ ‌and‌ ‌expanding‌ ‌share‌ ‌of‌ ‌value‌ ‌which‌ ‌shapes‌‌
collective‌‌economic‌‌future‌ ‌
○ The‌‌technologies‌‌that‌‌promised‌‌to‌‌democratise‌‌business‌‌is‌‌now‌‌threatening‌‌to‌‌make‌‌it‌‌more‌‌monopolistic‌ ‌
● Don’t‌‌compete‌‌in‌‌traditional‌‌fashion‌ ‌
○ Use‌ ‌network-based‌ ‌assets‌ ‌that‌ ‌have‌ ‌already‌ ‌reached‌ ‌scale‌ ‌in‌ ‌one‌ ‌setting‌ ‌and‌ ‌then‌ ‌use‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌enter‌ ‌another‌‌
industry‌ ‌
○ Building‌‌upon‌‌already‌‌vast‌‌user‌‌base‌‌to‌‌transfer‌‌to‌‌other‌‌industries‌ ‌
○ →‌‌advertising‌‌business‌‌model‌‌(look‌‌at‌‌question‌‌below)‌ ‌
■ Increasing‌‌returns‌‌to‌‌scale:‌‌get‌‌better‌‌as‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌users‌‌attract‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌ads‌‌+‌‌as‌‌number‌‌of‌‌ads‌‌
increases‌‌so‌‌does‌‌the‌‌ability‌‌to‌‌target‌‌the‌‌ads‌‌to‌‌the‌‌users,‌‌making‌‌individual‌‌ads‌‌more‌‌valuable‌ ‌
■ The‌ ‌economics‌ ‌of‌ ‌traditional‌ ‌decreasing‌ ‌returns‌ ‌make‌ ‌it‌ ‌possible‌ ‌for‌ ‌several‌ ‌competitors‌ ‌to‌ ‌coexist‌ ‌and‌‌
provide‌‌differentiated‌‌value‌‌to‌‌attract‌‌users,‌‌but‌‌digital‌‌→‌‌advantage‌‌of‌‌competitor‌‌with‌‌largest‌‌scale,‌‌largest‌‌
network‌‌of‌‌users‌‌or‌‌most‌‌dat‌ ‌
● Authors‌ ‌argue‌ ‌that‌ ‌if‌ ‌these‌ ‌current‌ ‌trends‌ ‌continue‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌hub‌ ‌economy‌ ‌will‌ ‌spread‌ ‌across‌ ‌more‌‌industries,‌‌further‌‌
concentrating‌‌data,‌‌value‌‌and‌‌power‌‌in‌‌hands‌‌of‌‌small‌‌number‌‌of‌‌firms‌‌employing‌‌tiny‌‌fraction‌‌of‌‌workforce‌ ‌
Which‌‌network‌‌effects‌‌are‌‌exploited‌‌by‌‌Facebook‌ ‌
● Concerns‌ ‌about‌‌market‌‌power‌‌(abuse‌‌of‌‌dominant‌‌position):‌‌excessive‌‌concentration‌‌of‌‌power,‌‌about‌‌“gatekeeping‌‌
role”,‌‌about‌‌asymmetric‌‌bargaining‌‌power‌‌(with‌‌business‌‌partners‌‌and‌‌with‌‌users)‌ ‌
● Network‌‌effects‌‌and‌‌efficiency‌‌→‌‌creates‌‌value‌ ‌
○ Regulators‌‌arguments:‌‌competition‌‌policy‌‌→‌‌that's‌‌a‌‌problem‌ ‌


2‌ ‌

, ‌

○ Becoming‌‌very‌‌big‌‌=‌‌becoming‌‌entrenched‌‌so‌‌no‌‌one‌‌can‌‌ever‌‌replace/displace‌‌you‌ ‌
○ Regulatory‌‌discourse‌‌=‌‌almost‌‌everything‌‌about‌‌the‌‌dynamics‌‌of‌‌network‌‌effects‌‌and‌‌such‌‌is‌‌a‌‌problem‌ ‌
○ Platform‌‌grows,‌‌gets‌‌users‌‌→‌‌becomes‌‌more‌‌valuable,‌‌remaining‌‌users‌‌tend‌‌to‌‌go‌‌to‌‌that‌‌platform‌‌→‌‌gets‌‌data‌‌→‌‌has‌‌
better‌‌product‌‌→‌‌users‌‌and‌‌data:‌‌goes‌‌into‌‌dynamics‌‌that‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌beat‌‌or‌‌matched‌‌ ‌
○ But‌‌competition‌‌policy:‌‌abuse‌‌it‌‌and‌‌then‌‌it‌‌is‌‌a‌‌problem‌‌(not‌‌before)‌‌→‌‌ad‌‌hoc‌ ‌
■ Alleged‌‌abuse:‌‌collecting‌‌too‌‌much‌‌data,‌‌pricing‌‌→‌‌people‌‌forced‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌data‌‌→‌‌even‌‌more‌‌contestable‌ ‌
■ FB‌ ‌won‌ ‌the‌ ‌case‌ ‌where‌ ‌they‌ ‌argued‌ ‌they‌ ‌weren’t‌ ‌essential‌ ‌services‌ ‌(people‌ ‌can‌ ‌live‌ ‌without‌ ‌FB)‌ ‌→‌‌it‌‌was‌‌
unclear‌‌that‌‌users‌‌were‌‌getting‌‌bad‌‌deal‌‌because‌‌of‌‌data‌ ‌
■ Further‌‌appeal:‌‌FCO‌‌won‌‌→‌‌new‌‌theory‌‌of‌‌harm:‌‌FB‌‌intentionally‌‌collecting‌‌data‌‌to‌‌leverage‌‌market‌‌power‌‌on‌‌
multitude‌‌of‌‌markets‌‌‌→‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌exploitation‌‌of‌‌power‌ ‌
■ But‌‌it’s‌‌difficult‌‌to‌‌indicate‌‌what‌‌the‌‌right‌‌level‌‌of‌‌data‌‌is,‌‌how‌‌much‌‌privacy‌‌users‌‌want‌ ‌
○ “The‌‌more‌‌data‌‌is‌‌used,‌‌the‌‌worse‌‌off‌‌the‌‌user‌‌is”‌‌→‌‌an‌‌accepted‌‌reality‌‌(Garces‌‌says‌‌opportunistic‌‌and‌‌simplistic)‌ ‌
○ Privacy‌‌was‌‌opportunistically‌‌used‌‌for‌‌competition‌‌policy‌ ‌
● It’s‌‌stated‌‌that‌‌platforms‌‌use‌‌data‌‌to‌‌conquer‌‌other‌‌platforms‌ ‌
○ E.g.‌‌FB‌‌data‌‌used‌‌to‌‌open‌‌shop‌‌on‌‌Instagram‌‌→‌‌leverages‌‌dominant‌‌position‌‌from‌‌one‌‌market‌‌into‌‌the‌‌next,‌‌platforms‌‌
become‌‌incontestable‌ ‌
○ Don’t‌‌see‌‌that‌‌happening,‌‌FB‌‌shop‌‌is‌‌competing‌‌with‌‌Ebay,‌‌Amazon,‌‌…‌‌→‌‌Garces‌‌doesn’t‌‌see‌‌it‌‌as‌‌a‌‌valued‌‌argument‌ ‌
○ But‌ ‌we‌ ‌will‌ ‌see‌ ‌regulation‌ ‌in‌‌that‌‌front‌‌→‌‌probably‌‌will‌‌be‌‌asked‌‌to‌‌share‌‌data‌‌with‌‌businesses‌‌(which‌‌is‌‌counter‌‌
privacy)‌‌which‌‌will‌‌open‌‌up‌‌new‌‌discussions‌ ‌
○ Garces‌‌thinks‌‌reflection‌‌needs‌‌to‌‌go‌‌to‌‌what‌‌happens‌‌to‌‌data‌ ‌
● The‌‌limits‌‌of‌‌competition‌‌policy‌ ‌
○ Too‌‌slow,‌‌too‌‌hard‌‌→‌‌unable‌‌to‌‌intervene‌‌preemptively‌‌to‌‌stop‌‌tipping‌‌of‌‌markets‌‌(i.e.‌‌when‌‌abuse‌‌has‌‌not‌‌occurred)‌ ‌
○ Unable‌‌to‌‌impose‌‌the‌‌right‌‌remedies‌‌→‌‌preference‌‌for‌‌ex-ante‌‌regulation‌‌on‌‌gatekeeping‌‌companies‌ ‌


3.‌‌Critically‌‌assess‌‌the‌‌debate‌‌around‌‌the‌‌problem‌‌of‌‌moderation‌‌of‌‌online‌‌content‌‌on‌‌digital‌‌platforms.‌‌In‌‌what‌‌sense‌‌is‌‌the‌‌
point‌‌of‌‌view‌‌of‌‌Garces‌‌different‌‌or‌‌similar‌‌to‌‌that‌‌of‌‌Vermeulen?‌ ‌

Garces‌‌ ‌
● Content‌‌moderation‌o
‌ utsourced‌‌at‌‌level‌‌of‌‌moderators‌‌(reviews)‌‌+‌‌internal‌‌at‌‌level‌‌of‌‌governance‌‌of‌‌media‌ ‌
● Content:‌d
‌ ebate‌‌what‌‌is‌‌right‌‌or‌‌not‌‌on‌‌the‌‌platform‌‌+‌‌to‌‌what‌‌extent‌‌are‌‌platforms‌‌responsible‌‌for‌‌the‌‌content‌ ‌
○ Evolution‌‌of‌‌liability‌‌regime‌‌of‌‌platforms‌ ‌
■ Platforms‌‌are‌‌not‌‌responsible‌‌but‌‌must‌‌monitor‌‌and‌‌take‌‌action‌‌ ‌
■ Moderation‌‌issue:‌‌piracy‌‌and‌‌counterfeit‌‌ ‌
■ Now‌‌fake‌‌news‌‌and‌‌hate‌‌speech‌‌issue‌ ‌
○ Difficulties‌‌in‌‌exercising‌‌a‌‌content‌‌policing‌‌role‌‌online‌‌→‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌up‌‌to‌‌the‌‌companies‌‌ ‌
■ Asked‌‌for‌‌regulation‌‌of‌‌content:‌‌Zuckerberg‌‌explicit‌‌he‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌the‌‌one‌‌deciding‌ ‌
■ Legal‌‌environment:‌‌notified‌‌to‌‌take‌‌something‌‌down‌‌→‌‌extremist‌‌content,‌‌propaganda‌‌(take‌‌down‌‌in‌‌an‌‌hour)‌‌ ‌
■ FB‌‌left‌‌to‌‌decide‌‌and‌‌build‌‌own‌‌policy‌‌→‌‌not‌‌a‌‌good‌‌place,‌‌cannot‌‌please‌‌everybody‌‌ ‌
■ FB‌‌would‌‌welcome‌‌more‌‌regulation,‌‌not‌‌coming,‌‌no‌‌matter‌‌what‌‌you‌‌do‌‌→‌‌attacked‌‌ ‌
● Polarisation‌‌ ‌
○ Facebook‌ ‌has‌ ‌a‌ ‌policy‌ ‌of‌ ‌what‌ ‌is‌ ‌allowed‌ ‌and‌‌not‌‌allowed‌‌online‌‌→‌‌removes‌‌hate‌‌speech‌‌and‌‌harmful‌‌speech‌‌→‌‌
difficult‌‌to‌‌draw‌‌the‌‌boundary‌‌(in‌‌eyes‌‌of‌‌the‌‌beholder,‌‌different‌‌by‌‌places)‌‌ ‌
○ Misinformation:‌‌what‌‌is‌‌the‌‌boundary‌‌between‌‌misinformation‌‌and‌‌opinion‌‌/‌‌legitimate‌‌interpretation‌ ‌
○ Criticisms‌ ‌
3‌ ‌

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