100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Summary Brussels Talking: Europe, Media and Society €6,49
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
  4.  
  5. Communication Studies: New Media And Society In Europe
  6.  
  7. Brussels Talking: Europe, Media and Society

Samenvatting

Summary Brussels Talking: Europe, Media and Society

1 beoordeling
 92 keer bekeken  5 keer verkocht

Very complete document with class notes and course material included Grade in first exam session: 15/20

Voorbeeld 4 van de 54  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 20 juni 2021
  • 54
  • 2020/2021
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

Geschreven voor

Alle documenten voor dit vak (3)

1  beoordeling

review-writer-avatar

Door: soufoanita • 2 jaar geleden

Verkoper

avatar-seller
dly

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌‌

‌

‌
BRUSSELS‌‌TALKING:‌‌ ‌
EUROPE,‌‌MEDIA‌‌AND‌‌SOCIETY‌ ‌

2020-2021‌ ‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌
‌

MASTER‌‌NEW‌‌MEDIA‌‌&‌‌SOCIETY‌‌ ‌ ‌PROF.‌‌MORGANTI‌ ‌

D.L.Y.‌ ‌
‌

, ‌

BRUSSELS‌‌TALKING‌‌LECTURE‌‌SERIES‌ ‌

EXAM‌‌QUESTIONS‌‌ ‌
‌

LECTURE‌‌1:‌‌ELIANA‌‌GARCES‌ ‌


1.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌Garces:‌‌“Facebook‌‌does‌‌not‌‌sell‌‌data”.‌‌Contextualise‌‌and‌‌assess‌‌this‌‌claim.‌‌E.g.‌‌explain,‌‌according‌‌to‌‌Garces,‌‌
what‌‌Facebook‌‌shares‌‌with‌‌its‌‌partners‌‌(advertisers)‌‌and‌‌connect‌‌the‌‌claim‌‌to‌‌the‌‌cambridge‌‌analytica‌‌scandal.‌‌Present‌‌and‌‌
motivate‌‌your‌‌opinion.‌ ‌

● According‌‌to‌‌Garces:‌‌Facebook‌‌does‌‌not‌‌/‌‌cannot‌‌sell‌‌data‌‌ever!‌‌ ‌
○ Misconception‌‌that‌‌people‌‌have‌ ‌→‌‌data‌‌is‌‌not‌‌sold,‌‌sometimes‌‌shared‌‌in‌‌partnerships‌ ‌
○ The‌‌actual‌‌data‌‌itself‌‌is‌‌barely‌‌shared‌‌→‌‌share‌‌outcome‌‌of‌‌data,‌‌not‌‌the‌‌information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌people‌‌→‌‌help‌‌them‌‌
reach,‌‌but‌‌won’t‌‌provide‌‌the‌‌information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌users‌ ‌
○ User‌‌level‌‌data‌‌is‌‌not‌‌shared,‌‌allow‌‌the‌‌partner‌‌companies‌‌to‌‌reach‌‌people‌‌based‌‌on‌‌profiling‌‌user‌‌data,‌‌but‌‌don’t‌‌
share‌‌the‌‌data‌‌/‌‌characteristics‌‌ ‌
● Facebook‌‌and‌‌data‌‌ ‌

DATA‌‌GATHERED‌‌BY‌‌FB‌ ‌ DATA‌‌USED‌‌BY‌‌FB‌ ‌


○ Information‌ ‌provided‌ ‌when‌ ‌you’re‌ ‌using‌ ‌the‌‌ ○ Improve‌‌and‌‌personalise‌‌content‌‌(including‌‌ads)‌‌ ‌
product‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌sharing,‌‌likes,‌‌pictures,‌‌uploads‌)‌‌ ‌ ○ Provide‌ ‌a‌ ‌service‌ ‌to‌ ‌commercial‌ ‌partners‌ ‌→‌ ‌tell‌‌
○ Behaviour‌‌is‌‌followed‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌pages‌‌visited,‌‌metadata‌)‌ ‌ them‌ ‌what‌ ‌kind‌ ‌of‌ ‌people‌‌visit‌‌them,‌‌engage‌‌with‌‌
○ When‌ ‌you‌ ‌use‌ ‌Facebook‌ ‌login,‌ ‌like‌ ‌something‌ ‌→‌‌ them,‌‌like‌‌you,‌‌how‌‌they‌‌react‌‌to‌‌it‌ ‌
operating‌‌in‌‌Facebook‌‌ecosystem‌‌(at‌‌the‌‌edges‌‌of‌‌it)‌‌ ○ Safety‌‌and‌‌integrity‌‌of‌‌platform‌‌ ‌
→‌‌some‌‌of‌‌your‌‌behaviour‌‌will‌‌then‌‌be‌‌collected‌ ‌ ○ Research:‌ ‌sometimes‌ ‌available‌ ‌to‌ ‌non-profit‌‌
○ Turns‌ ‌data‌ ‌into‌ ‌something‌ ‌that‌ ‌is‌ ‌acted‌ ‌on‌ ‌by‌‌ entities‌‌ ‌
commercial‌‌partners‌ ‌

‌
● Facebook‌‌enables‌‌partners‌‌to‌‌benefit‌‌from‌‌the‌‌value‌‌of‌‌data‌‌→‌‌aggregate‌‌data‌‌is‌‌shared‌‌in‌‌partnerships‌‌ ‌
○ Very‌‌rarely‌‌share‌‌/‌‌open‌‌up‌‌individual‌‌data‌‌→‌‌aggregate‌‌data‌‌offer‌‌back‌‌to‌‌businesses‌‌that‌‌work‌‌with‌‌them‌ ‌
■ Because‌‌of‌‌privacy‌‌constraints‌‌do‌‌not‌‌share‌‌data‌‌unless‌‌under‌‌very‌‌tight‌‌constraints‌‌ ‌
○ What‌‌is‌‌this‌‌‘aggregate‌‌data’‌‌→‌‌if‌‌you‌‌have‌‌a‌‌page‌‌/‌‌business‌‌on‌‌Facebook‌‌ ‌
1. Audience‌‌insights‌‌(product)‌‌accessible‌‌online‌‌ ‌
■ Go‌‌to‌‌this‌‌tool,‌‌description‌‌of‌‌who‌‌is‌‌engaging‌‌with‌‌you‌ ‌
■ What‌‌type‌‌of‌‌people‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌age,‌‌gender,‌‌where‌‌they‌‌live,‌‌what‌‌their‌‌income‌‌level‌‌is,‌‌…‌‌anything‌‌in‌‌the‌‌profile‌)‌‌→‌‌in‌‌
aggregate‌‌version‌‌ ‌
■ Can‌‌see‌‌who‌‌else‌‌is‌‌on‌‌FB‌‌→‌‌look‌‌for‌‌people‌‌that‌‌look‌‌like‌‌your‌‌audience‌‌to‌‌target‌‌them‌‌ ‌
■ Even‌‌if‌‌company‌‌of‌‌five‌‌people,‌‌want‌‌to‌‌grow‌‌→‌‌free‌‌tool‌‌ ‌
2. A‌‌/‌‌B‌‌testing‌‌tools‌‌ ‌
■ Allow‌‌companies‌‌to‌‌experiment‌‌on‌‌FB‌ ‌
■ Product‌ ‌online,‌ ‌modify‌ ‌it‌ ‌in‌ ‌two‌ ‌different‌ ‌ways‌ ‌(two‌ ‌subsets‌ ‌of‌ ‌audience),‌ ‌see‌ ‌their‌ ‌reaction,‌ ‌what‌‌
transformation‌‌/‌‌modification‌‌is‌‌the‌‌most‌‌attractive‌‌ ‌
■ Way‌‌to‌‌let‌‌products‌‌evolve‌‌and‌‌testing‌‌them,‌‌experiment‌‌to‌‌what‌‌it‌‌is‌‌that‌‌people‌‌like‌‌ ‌
■ Provide‌‌these‌‌capabilities‌‌to‌‌evolve‌‌products‌‌to‌‌fit‌‌the‌‌users‌‌better‌‌ ‌

1‌ ‌

, ‌

3. E.g.‌‌CrowdTangle:‌‌public‌‌insights‌‌tool‌‌that‌‌makes‌‌it‌‌easy‌‌to‌‌follow,‌‌analyse‌‌and‌‌report‌‌on‌‌what’s‌‌happening‌‌with‌‌public‌‌
content‌‌on‌‌social‌‌media‌‌(FB,‌‌Instagram,‌‌Reddit)‌‌→‌‌organisations‌‌primarily‌‌use‌‌CrowdTangle‌‌to‌‌ ‌
■ Follow‌ ‌public‌ ‌content‌ ‌real-time‌ ‌across‌ ‌social‌‌networks,‌‌analyse‌‌and‌‌compare‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌public‌‌accounts‌‌
over‌‌time,‌‌report‌‌→‌‌find‌‌larger‌‌trends‌‌to‌‌understand‌‌how‌‌public‌‌content‌‌spreads‌‌over‌‌social‌‌media‌‌ ‌
■ Used‌‌e.g.‌‌by‌‌journalists‌‌to‌‌track‌‌content‌‌/‌‌social‌‌conversation;‌‌by‌‌content‌‌makers;‌‌for‌‌research‌‌(what‌‌information‌‌
is‌‌spreading‌‌and‌‌how)‌‌ ‌
● Cambridge‌‌Analytica‌‌scandal‌‌‌(2018,‌‌NYT‌‌and‌‌Observer‌‌→‌‌CA‌‌acquired‌‌and‌‌used‌‌personal‌‌data‌‌from‌‌up‌‌to‌‌87‌‌million‌‌FB‌‌
users‌‌(via‌‌‘Your‌‌Digital‌‌Life’)‌‌from‌‌an‌‌external‌‌researcher‌‌who‌‌told‌‌FB‌‌he‌‌was‌‌collecting‌‌it‌‌for‌‌academic‌‌purposes)‌‌ ‌
○ Open‌‌source‌‌capabilities‌‌→‌‌something‌‌most‌‌platforms‌‌have,‌‌tools‌‌to‌‌create‌‌an‌‌environment‌‌of‌‌developers‌‌that‌‌can‌‌
build‌‌services‌‌/‌‌products‌‌using‌‌these‌‌tools‌‌(e‌ .g.‌‌object‌‌recognition,‌‌go‌‌through‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌of‌‌pictures‌‌and‌‌know‌‌what’s‌‌in‌‌the‌‌
picture;‌‌video‌‌classification‌‌tools,‌‌…)‌ ‌‌ ‌
○ Access‌‌to‌‌data‌‌to‌‌researcher,‌‌that‌‌then‌‌resold‌‌it‌‌to‌‌a‌‌consultancy‌‌→‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌their‌‌contract,‌‌FB‌‌in‌‌wrong‌‌ ‌
■ Should‌‌have‌‌prevented‌‌it,‌‌more‌‌supervision‌‌over‌‌data‌‌and‌‌third‌‌parties,‌‌but‌‌not‌‌an‌‌intentional‌‌sale‌‌by‌‌FB‌ ‌
○ FB‌‌didn’t‌‌have‌‌the‌‌gartrails‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌that‌‌→‌‌that‌‌is‌‌why‌‌they‌‌were‌‌involved,‌‌Facebook‌‌was‌‌in‌‌fault‌‌ ‌
○ Since‌‌then‌‌→‌‌FB‌‌dramatically‌‌decreased‌‌the‌‌data‌‌that‌‌it‌‌provides‌‌(surely‌‌doesn’t‌‌provide‌‌user‌‌level‌‌data‌‌anymore)‌‌ ‌


2.‌ ‌“As‌ ‌digital‌ ‌networks‌ ‌carry‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌economic‌‌transactions,‌‌the‌‌economic‌‌power‌‌of‌‌network‌‌hubs,‌‌which‌‌connect‌
consumers,‌ ‌firms,‌ ‌and‌ ‌even‌ ‌industries‌ ‌to‌ ‌one‌ ‌another,‌ ‌expands.‌ ‌Once‌ ‌a‌ ‌hub‌‌is‌‌highly‌‌connected‌‌(and‌‌enjoying‌‌increasing‌‌
returns‌ ‌to‌ ‌scale)‌ ‌in‌‌one‌‌sector‌‌of‌‌the‌‌economy‌‌(such‌‌as‌‌mobile‌‌telecommunications),‌‌it‌‌will‌‌enjoy‌‌a‌‌crucial‌‌advantage‌‌as‌‌it‌‌
begins‌‌to‌‌connect‌‌in‌‌a‌‌new‌‌sector‌‌(automobiles,‌‌for‌‌example).”‌‌Critically‌‌assess‌‌this‌‌excerpt‌‌from‌‌managing‌‌our‌‌hub‌‌economy‌‌
(Iansiti‌‌&‌‌Lakhani,‌‌2017,‌‌Harvard‌‌business‌‌review)‌‌and‌‌explain‌‌which‌‌specific‌‌network‌‌effects‌‌are‌‌exploited‌‌by‌‌Facebook.‌ ‌

Hub‌‌economy‌‌ ‌
● Winner-take-all‌‌world‌‌→‌‌small‌‌number‌‌of‌‌“hub‌‌firms”‌‌ ‌
○ They‌ ‌create‌ ‌real‌ ‌value‌ ‌for‌ ‌users‌ ‌but‌ ‌also‌ ‌capture‌ ‌disproportionate‌ ‌and‌ ‌expanding‌ ‌share‌ ‌of‌ ‌value‌ ‌which‌ ‌shapes‌‌
collective‌‌economic‌‌future‌ ‌
○ The‌‌technologies‌‌that‌‌promised‌‌to‌‌democratise‌‌business‌‌is‌‌now‌‌threatening‌‌to‌‌make‌‌it‌‌more‌‌monopolistic‌ ‌
● Don’t‌‌compete‌‌in‌‌traditional‌‌fashion‌ ‌
○ Use‌ ‌network-based‌ ‌assets‌ ‌that‌ ‌have‌ ‌already‌ ‌reached‌ ‌scale‌ ‌in‌ ‌one‌ ‌setting‌ ‌and‌ ‌then‌ ‌use‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌enter‌ ‌another‌‌
industry‌ ‌
○ Building‌‌upon‌‌already‌‌vast‌‌user‌‌base‌‌to‌‌transfer‌‌to‌‌other‌‌industries‌ ‌
○ →‌‌advertising‌‌business‌‌model‌‌(look‌‌at‌‌question‌‌below)‌ ‌
■ Increasing‌‌returns‌‌to‌‌scale:‌‌get‌‌better‌‌as‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌users‌‌attract‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌ads‌‌+‌‌as‌‌number‌‌of‌‌ads‌‌
increases‌‌so‌‌does‌‌the‌‌ability‌‌to‌‌target‌‌the‌‌ads‌‌to‌‌the‌‌users,‌‌making‌‌individual‌‌ads‌‌more‌‌valuable‌ ‌
■ The‌ ‌economics‌ ‌of‌ ‌traditional‌ ‌decreasing‌ ‌returns‌ ‌make‌ ‌it‌ ‌possible‌ ‌for‌ ‌several‌ ‌competitors‌ ‌to‌ ‌coexist‌ ‌and‌‌
provide‌‌differentiated‌‌value‌‌to‌‌attract‌‌users,‌‌but‌‌digital‌‌→‌‌advantage‌‌of‌‌competitor‌‌with‌‌largest‌‌scale,‌‌largest‌‌
network‌‌of‌‌users‌‌or‌‌most‌‌dat‌ ‌
● Authors‌ ‌argue‌ ‌that‌ ‌if‌ ‌these‌ ‌current‌ ‌trends‌ ‌continue‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌hub‌ ‌economy‌ ‌will‌ ‌spread‌ ‌across‌ ‌more‌‌industries,‌‌further‌‌
concentrating‌‌data,‌‌value‌‌and‌‌power‌‌in‌‌hands‌‌of‌‌small‌‌number‌‌of‌‌firms‌‌employing‌‌tiny‌‌fraction‌‌of‌‌workforce‌ ‌
Which‌‌network‌‌effects‌‌are‌‌exploited‌‌by‌‌Facebook‌ ‌
● Concerns‌ ‌about‌‌market‌‌power‌‌(abuse‌‌of‌‌dominant‌‌position):‌‌excessive‌‌concentration‌‌of‌‌power,‌‌about‌‌“gatekeeping‌‌
role”,‌‌about‌‌asymmetric‌‌bargaining‌‌power‌‌(with‌‌business‌‌partners‌‌and‌‌with‌‌users)‌ ‌
● Network‌‌effects‌‌and‌‌efficiency‌‌→‌‌creates‌‌value‌ ‌
○ Regulators‌‌arguments:‌‌competition‌‌policy‌‌→‌‌that's‌‌a‌‌problem‌ ‌


2‌ ‌

, ‌

○ Becoming‌‌very‌‌big‌‌=‌‌becoming‌‌entrenched‌‌so‌‌no‌‌one‌‌can‌‌ever‌‌replace/displace‌‌you‌ ‌
○ Regulatory‌‌discourse‌‌=‌‌almost‌‌everything‌‌about‌‌the‌‌dynamics‌‌of‌‌network‌‌effects‌‌and‌‌such‌‌is‌‌a‌‌problem‌ ‌
○ Platform‌‌grows,‌‌gets‌‌users‌‌→‌‌becomes‌‌more‌‌valuable,‌‌remaining‌‌users‌‌tend‌‌to‌‌go‌‌to‌‌that‌‌platform‌‌→‌‌gets‌‌data‌‌→‌‌has‌‌
better‌‌product‌‌→‌‌users‌‌and‌‌data:‌‌goes‌‌into‌‌dynamics‌‌that‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌beat‌‌or‌‌matched‌‌ ‌
○ But‌‌competition‌‌policy:‌‌abuse‌‌it‌‌and‌‌then‌‌it‌‌is‌‌a‌‌problem‌‌(not‌‌before)‌‌→‌‌ad‌‌hoc‌ ‌
■ Alleged‌‌abuse:‌‌collecting‌‌too‌‌much‌‌data,‌‌pricing‌‌→‌‌people‌‌forced‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌data‌‌→‌‌even‌‌more‌‌contestable‌ ‌
■ FB‌ ‌won‌ ‌the‌ ‌case‌ ‌where‌ ‌they‌ ‌argued‌ ‌they‌ ‌weren’t‌ ‌essential‌ ‌services‌ ‌(people‌ ‌can‌ ‌live‌ ‌without‌ ‌FB)‌ ‌→‌‌it‌‌was‌‌
unclear‌‌that‌‌users‌‌were‌‌getting‌‌bad‌‌deal‌‌because‌‌of‌‌data‌ ‌
■ Further‌‌appeal:‌‌FCO‌‌won‌‌→‌‌new‌‌theory‌‌of‌‌harm:‌‌FB‌‌intentionally‌‌collecting‌‌data‌‌to‌‌leverage‌‌market‌‌power‌‌on‌‌
multitude‌‌of‌‌markets‌‌‌→‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌exploitation‌‌of‌‌power‌ ‌
■ But‌‌it’s‌‌difficult‌‌to‌‌indicate‌‌what‌‌the‌‌right‌‌level‌‌of‌‌data‌‌is,‌‌how‌‌much‌‌privacy‌‌users‌‌want‌ ‌
○ “The‌‌more‌‌data‌‌is‌‌used,‌‌the‌‌worse‌‌off‌‌the‌‌user‌‌is”‌‌→‌‌an‌‌accepted‌‌reality‌‌(Garces‌‌says‌‌opportunistic‌‌and‌‌simplistic)‌ ‌
○ Privacy‌‌was‌‌opportunistically‌‌used‌‌for‌‌competition‌‌policy‌ ‌
● It’s‌‌stated‌‌that‌‌platforms‌‌use‌‌data‌‌to‌‌conquer‌‌other‌‌platforms‌ ‌
○ E.g.‌‌FB‌‌data‌‌used‌‌to‌‌open‌‌shop‌‌on‌‌Instagram‌‌→‌‌leverages‌‌dominant‌‌position‌‌from‌‌one‌‌market‌‌into‌‌the‌‌next,‌‌platforms‌‌
become‌‌incontestable‌ ‌
○ Don’t‌‌see‌‌that‌‌happening,‌‌FB‌‌shop‌‌is‌‌competing‌‌with‌‌Ebay,‌‌Amazon,‌‌…‌‌→‌‌Garces‌‌doesn’t‌‌see‌‌it‌‌as‌‌a‌‌valued‌‌argument‌ ‌
○ But‌ ‌we‌ ‌will‌ ‌see‌ ‌regulation‌ ‌in‌‌that‌‌front‌‌→‌‌probably‌‌will‌‌be‌‌asked‌‌to‌‌share‌‌data‌‌with‌‌businesses‌‌(which‌‌is‌‌counter‌‌
privacy)‌‌which‌‌will‌‌open‌‌up‌‌new‌‌discussions‌ ‌
○ Garces‌‌thinks‌‌reflection‌‌needs‌‌to‌‌go‌‌to‌‌what‌‌happens‌‌to‌‌data‌ ‌
● The‌‌limits‌‌of‌‌competition‌‌policy‌ ‌
○ Too‌‌slow,‌‌too‌‌hard‌‌→‌‌unable‌‌to‌‌intervene‌‌preemptively‌‌to‌‌stop‌‌tipping‌‌of‌‌markets‌‌(i.e.‌‌when‌‌abuse‌‌has‌‌not‌‌occurred)‌ ‌
○ Unable‌‌to‌‌impose‌‌the‌‌right‌‌remedies‌‌→‌‌preference‌‌for‌‌ex-ante‌‌regulation‌‌on‌‌gatekeeping‌‌companies‌ ‌


3.‌‌Critically‌‌assess‌‌the‌‌debate‌‌around‌‌the‌‌problem‌‌of‌‌moderation‌‌of‌‌online‌‌content‌‌on‌‌digital‌‌platforms.‌‌In‌‌what‌‌sense‌‌is‌‌the‌‌
point‌‌of‌‌view‌‌of‌‌Garces‌‌different‌‌or‌‌similar‌‌to‌‌that‌‌of‌‌Vermeulen?‌ ‌

Garces‌‌ ‌
● Content‌‌moderation‌o
‌ utsourced‌‌at‌‌level‌‌of‌‌moderators‌‌(reviews)‌‌+‌‌internal‌‌at‌‌level‌‌of‌‌governance‌‌of‌‌media‌ ‌
● Content:‌d
‌ ebate‌‌what‌‌is‌‌right‌‌or‌‌not‌‌on‌‌the‌‌platform‌‌+‌‌to‌‌what‌‌extent‌‌are‌‌platforms‌‌responsible‌‌for‌‌the‌‌content‌ ‌
○ Evolution‌‌of‌‌liability‌‌regime‌‌of‌‌platforms‌ ‌
■ Platforms‌‌are‌‌not‌‌responsible‌‌but‌‌must‌‌monitor‌‌and‌‌take‌‌action‌‌ ‌
■ Moderation‌‌issue:‌‌piracy‌‌and‌‌counterfeit‌‌ ‌
■ Now‌‌fake‌‌news‌‌and‌‌hate‌‌speech‌‌issue‌ ‌
○ Difficulties‌‌in‌‌exercising‌‌a‌‌content‌‌policing‌‌role‌‌online‌‌→‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌up‌‌to‌‌the‌‌companies‌‌ ‌
■ Asked‌‌for‌‌regulation‌‌of‌‌content:‌‌Zuckerberg‌‌explicit‌‌he‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌the‌‌one‌‌deciding‌ ‌
■ Legal‌‌environment:‌‌notified‌‌to‌‌take‌‌something‌‌down‌‌→‌‌extremist‌‌content,‌‌propaganda‌‌(take‌‌down‌‌in‌‌an‌‌hour)‌‌ ‌
■ FB‌‌left‌‌to‌‌decide‌‌and‌‌build‌‌own‌‌policy‌‌→‌‌not‌‌a‌‌good‌‌place,‌‌cannot‌‌please‌‌everybody‌‌ ‌
■ FB‌‌would‌‌welcome‌‌more‌‌regulation,‌‌not‌‌coming,‌‌no‌‌matter‌‌what‌‌you‌‌do‌‌→‌‌attacked‌‌ ‌
● Polarisation‌‌ ‌
○ Facebook‌ ‌has‌ ‌a‌ ‌policy‌ ‌of‌ ‌what‌ ‌is‌ ‌allowed‌ ‌and‌‌not‌‌allowed‌‌online‌‌→‌‌removes‌‌hate‌‌speech‌‌and‌‌harmful‌‌speech‌‌→‌‌
difficult‌‌to‌‌draw‌‌the‌‌boundary‌‌(in‌‌eyes‌‌of‌‌the‌‌beholder,‌‌different‌‌by‌‌places)‌‌ ‌
○ Misinformation:‌‌what‌‌is‌‌the‌‌boundary‌‌between‌‌misinformation‌‌and‌‌opinion‌‌/‌‌legitimate‌‌interpretation‌ ‌
○ Criticisms‌ ‌
3‌ ‌

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper dly. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 53920 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€6,49  5x  verkocht
  • (1)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd