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Samenvatting Moderne en Hedendaagse Tijd
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1Moderne en Hedendaagse Tijd
Hoofdstuk 9: The French Revolution (p. 363-410) 10
41. Social and Cultural Backgrounds (p.364) 10
The old Regime: Three estates 10
The Agrarian System of the Old Regime 10
Political culture and Public Opinion after 1770 11
42. The Revolution and the Reorganization of France (p.369) 11
The Financial Crisis 11
From Estates General to National Assembly 11
The Lower Classes in Action 12
The Initial Reforms of the National Assembly 12
Constitutional Changes 13
Economic and Cultural Policies 14
The Quarrel with the Church 14
43. The Revolution and Europe: The War and the "Second" Revolution (p.385) 15
The International Impact of the Revolution 15
The Coming of War, April, 1792 15
The "Second" Revolution: August 10, 1792 15
44. The Emergency Republic, 1792-1795: The Terror (p.389) 16
The National Convention 16
Background to the Terror 17
The Program of the Convention, 1793-1794: The Terror 17
The Thermidorian Reaction 19
45. The Constitutional Republic: The Directory, 1795-1799 (p.400) 19
The Weakness of the Directory 19
The Political crisis of 1797 19
The Coup d'état of 1799: Bonaparte 20
46. The Authoritarian Republic: The Consulate, 1799-1804 (p.406) 21
The Settlement with the Church, Other Reforms 22
Hoofdstuk 10: Napoleonic Europe (p. 411) 23
47. The Formation of the French Imperial System 23
The Collapse of the First and Second Coalitions 23
Peace Interim, 1802-1803 23
Formation of the Third Coalition in 1805 23
The Continental System and the War in Spain 24
The Austrain War of Liberation, 1809 24
Napoleon at his Peak, 1809-1811 24
48. The Grand Empire: Spread of the Revolution 24
The Organization of the Napoleonic Empire 24
Napoleon and the Spread of the Revolution 25
49. The Continental System: Britain and Europe 25
British Blockade and Napoleon's Continental System 26
The Failure of the Continental System 26
50. The National Movements and New Nationalist Cultures 26
The Resistance to Napoleon: Nationalism 26
The Movement of Thought in Napoleonic Germany 27
Reforms in Prussia 27
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51. The Overthrow of Napoleon: The Congress of Vienna
28
The Russian Campaign and the War of Liberation 28
The Restoration of the Bourbons 28
The Settlement before the Vienna Congress 29
The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815 29
The Hundred Days and Their Aftermath 30
Hoodstuk 11: Industries, Ideas, and the structure for reform, 1815-1848 31
52. The Industrial Revolution in Britain 31
The Agricultural Revolution in Britain 31
Industrialism in Britain: incentives and inventions 31
Some Social Consequences of Industrialism in Britain 32
53. The Advent of the 'Isms' 33
Romanticism 33
Classical Liberalism 33
Radicalism, Republicanism, Socialism 33
Feminism 34
Nationalism: Western Europe 34
Nationalism: Eastern Europe 35
Other 'Isms' 35
54. The Leaking Dam and the Flood: Domestic 36
Reaction after 1815: France, Poland 36
Reaction after 1815: The German States, Britain 36
55. The Leaking Dam and the Flood: International 37
The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aken), 1818 37
Revolution in Southern Europe: The Congress of Troppeau, 1820 37
Spain and the Middle East: The Congress of Verona, 1822 37
Latin American Independence 37
The End of the Congress System 38
Russia: The Decemberist Revolt, 1825 38
56. Breakthrough of Liberalism in the West: Revolutions of 1830-1832 38
France, 1824-1830: The July Revolution, 1830 38
Revolutions of 1830: Belgium and Poland 39
Reform in Great-Britain 39
Britain after 1832 40
57. Triumph of the West European Bourgeoisie 41
The Frustration and Challenge of Labor 41
Socialism and Chartism 41
Hoodstuk 12: Revolutions and the Reimposition of Order, 1848-1870 (p. 501) 43
58. Paris: The Specter of Social Revolution in the West 43
The "February" Revolution in France 43
The "June Days" of 1848 43
The Emergence of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 44
59. Vienna: The Nationalist Revolutions in General Europe and Italy 44
The Austrain Empire in 1848 44
The March Days 44
The Turning of the Tide after June 45
Victories of the Counterrevolution, June-December, 1848 45
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Final Outburst and Repression, 1849
46
60. Frankfurt and Berlin: The Question of a Liberal Germany 46
The German States 46
Berlin: Failure of the Revolution in Prussia 46
The Frankfurt Assembly 47
The Failure of the Frankfurt Assembly 47
61. The New European "Isms": Realism, Positivism, Marxism 48
Materialism, Realism, Positivism 48
Early Marxism 49
Sources and Content of Marxism 49
The Significance of Marxism: Its Strength and Weaknesses 50
62. Bonapartism: The Second French Empire, 1852-1870 50
Political Institutions of the Second Empire 50
Economic Developments under the Empire 51
Internal Difficulties and War 51
Hoofdstuk 13: The Consolidation of Large Nation-states, 1858-1871 (p.535)52
63. Backgrounds: The Idea of the Nation State 52
The Crimean War, 1854-1856 52
64. Cavour and the Italian War of 1859: The Unification of Italy 52
Italian Nationalism: The Program of Cavour 52
The Completian of Italian Unity 53
Persistant Problems after Unification 53
65. The Founding of a German Empire and the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hongary 53
The German States after 1848 53
Prussia in the 1860s: Bismarck 54
Bismarck's Wars: The Creation of the North-German Confderation, 1867 54
The Franco Prussian War 55
The German Empire, 1871 55
The Habsburg Empire after 1848 55
The Comprimise of 1867 55
66. Tsarist Russia: Social Change and the Limits of Political Reform 56
Tsarist Russia affter 1856 56
The Emancipation Act of 1861 and Other Reforms 56
Revolutionism in Russia 56
67. Nation-Building in the Wider Atlantic World: The United States and Canada 57
Immigration, Civil War, and National Consolidation in the United States 57
The Dominian of Canada: A New Model for Decolonization 58
Hoofdstuk 14: European Civilization, 1871-1914: Economy and Politics 59
68. The Modern "Civilized World" 59
Materialistic and Nonmaterialistic Ideals 59
The "Zones" of Civilization 59
69. Basic Demography: The Increase of Europe's population 59
European and World Population Growth since 1650 59
Stabilization of European population 59
Growth of Cities and Urban Life 60
Migration from Europe, 1850-1940 60
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