Ik heb alle te kennen wetenschappelijke artikels voor het theoretische examen van het vak Language Technology and Localization (B-KUL-HMV38B) van prof J. Rooms samengevat in dit document. Met deze samenvatting behaalde ik een 17/20 op het examen :)
Language technology and
localization
Inhoud
Technology and translation....................................................................................................................3
1. Translator-client communications..................................................................................................4
2. Translation memories.....................................................................................................................5
3. Texts without end...........................................................................................................................6
4. Localization, its terms and its tools.................................................................................................6
5. Machine translation........................................................................................................................7
6. Advantages and disadvantages for translators...............................................................................8
Translators on translation memories: a blessing or a curse?..................................................................8
1. The steep Learning curve................................................................................................................9
2. Gains in productivity.......................................................................................................................9
3. Trados discounts.............................................................................................................................9
4. Non-repetitive text.........................................................................................................................9
Restructuring translation education:....................................................................................................10
The Development of Translation Technology in the Era of Big Data.....................................................10
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................10
2. Basic concepts of translation technology.....................................................................................10
3. The main functions of translation technology..............................................................................11
3.1. Automatic translation................................................................................................................11
3.2. Repeated utilization of language assets.....................................................................................11
3.3. Improvement in translation quality...........................................................................................11
3.4. Simplified translation formats...................................................................................................12
3.5. Aided translation coordination..................................................................................................12
3.6. Aided translation management.................................................................................................12
4. The development trends in translation technology......................................................................12
4.1. Continuous integrations of translation tools.............................................................................12
4.2. Increasing visualization in translation........................................................................................12
4.3. Boom in open-source translation technology............................................................................13
4.4. Prevalence of the “CAT+MT+PE” Model....................................................................................13
4.5. Rapid development of intelligent translation technology..........................................................13
4.6. Broad application prospects for cloud-based technology..........................................................13
1
, 5. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................13
Computer-aided translation.................................................................................................................14
1. CAT tools.......................................................................................................................................14
1.1. Translation memory tools..........................................................................................................14
1.2. Terminology tools......................................................................................................................15
1.3. Other TEnT components............................................................................................................15
2. Impact on translation...................................................................................................................15
3. Emerging possibilities...................................................................................................................15
State of the Art in Translation Memory Technology.............................................................................16
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................16
2. Translation memory systems........................................................................................................16
2.1. History.......................................................................................................................................16
2.2. Components..............................................................................................................................17
2.3. Types of TM systems..................................................................................................................18
2.4. Translation memory and machine translation...........................................................................18
2.5. Database exchange standards for TM systems..........................................................................19
2.6. Advantages and limitations of TM systems...............................................................................20
Translation memory (Alan K. Melby)....................................................................................................20
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................20
2. Translation memory and the CAT in the TEnT..............................................................................21
3. Sub-segment identification...........................................................................................................21
4. Advantages of a TM......................................................................................................................21
5. Disadvantages of a TM..................................................................................................................21
6. Creating, using and maintaining a TM..........................................................................................22
7. Layout and interface issues..........................................................................................................22
8. Separation of data and software..................................................................................................23
9. Special language support..............................................................................................................23
10. Professional considerations.......................................................................................................23
11. Future developments and industry impact................................................................................23
1. Localization industry.........................................................................................................................24
1.1. History.......................................................................................................................................24
1.2. Outsourcing...............................................................................................................................24
1.3. Localization languages...............................................................................................................24
1.4. Localization organisations..........................................................................................................24
1.5. Technology................................................................................................................................25
2. Localization projects.........................................................................................................................25
2
, 2.1. Project components...................................................................................................................25
2.2. People involved.........................................................................................................................26
2.3. Localization process...................................................................................................................27
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................28
2. Translation guidelines.......................................................................................................................29
2.1. General guidelines.....................................................................................................................29
2.2. Language guidelines..................................................................................................................29
2.3. Space restrictions.......................................................................................................................29
2.4. Variables....................................................................................................................................29
2.5. Control codes.............................................................................................................................30
2.6. Non-translatables......................................................................................................................30
2.7. Concatenated strings.................................................................................................................30
2.8. Hot keys.....................................................................................................................................30
2.9. Control keys (shortcut keys)......................................................................................................31
3. Translation windows applications.....................................................................................................31
3.1. Translation approach.................................................................................................................31
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................31
2. Software engineering and translation..............................................................................................31
2.1. Translatable files........................................................................................................................31
2.2. Leverage....................................................................................................................................31
2.3. Translation method...................................................................................................................32
2.4. Marking......................................................................................................................................32
Introduction
Technology and translation
Abstract
- dramatic increase in the information to be translated + availability of translation-memory
tools changes in the translator’s work processes and in relations with clients.
- This text presents = an overview of these developments
o principles of translation memories
o the non-linearity of the information objects
o the rise of content management
o the use of localization tools
o the role of machine translation
- disadvantages of translation technologies
3
, o high costs: financial outlay and learning curves, the deepening of divisions within the
labor market, and the conceptual restriction of translation to narrow text-
replacement activities
o solution to these problems lies in developing greater control over technology
Introduction
- the use of paper coincided with the translation schools in Baghdad (9 th Century) and Toledo
(13th Century)
- print technology (15th Century)
- Texts on the web are now constantly updated translations should move away from
equivalence between fixed texts now more like one set of revisions among many
Electronic tools affect:
1) communication (the ways translators communicate with clients, authors, and other
translators)
2) memory (how much information we can retrieve, and how fast)
3) texts (how texts now become temporary arrangements of content).
1. Translator-client communications
- professionals from all over the world can be in regular contact by email or various forms of
instant messaging
- Work can be sent and received electronically, across national and cultural borders
Consequences of electronic communications:
1) You can work for clients anywhere in the world.
o time zones can be used creatively (e.g. New Zealand <> Tarragona)
o you would expect fees paid for translations will become virtually the same all over
the world that’s far from happening
o translation depends on high degree of trust between translation & client
2) The increased security risk.
o Translators quite often work on material that is not in the public domain trust!!
o various forms of zipping, secure FTP, or other company-specific forms of encoding,
with all their passwords
3) They make it easy to distribute very large translation jobs between various intermediaries.
o E.g. The client wants to market their product in 15 European languages. They hire a
marketing company, which hires a language-service provider, which hires a series of
brokers for each language, who give the work to a series of translation companies,
who pass the texts on to translators, often freelancers.
o in this system, the client may be paying 4 times what the actual translators are
receiving. each link in the chain is revising, coordinating and producing the
various translation products
4
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