AP Biology Name : Chapter 17 Guided Reading Assignment
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AP Biology
AP Biology
Chapter 17 Guided Reading Assignment
1. What did Garrod mean by “inborn errors of metabolism?”
Garrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell. Garrod postula...
ap biology chapter 17 guided reading assignment 1 what did garrod mean by “inborn errors of metabolism” garrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenot
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AP Biology Name :
Chapter 17 Guided Reading Assignment
1. What did Garrod mean by “inborn errors of metabolism?”
Garrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through
enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell. Garrod
postulated that the symptoms of an inherited disease reflect a
person’s inability to make a particular enzyme.
2. Describe the Beadle and Tatum experiment with mold in detail – use
the diagram below to help. The logic behind both the experiment and
the results are critical. Tatum and Beadle where inquiring if individual genes
specified the enzymes that function in a biochemical pathway. Working with the
mold Neurospora crassa, they isolated mutants that required arginine in their
growth medium. Research showed that the mutants fell into three different classes
that each was defective in a different gene. This experiment tested there one gene-
one enzyme hypothesis and their postulated arginine-synthesizing pathway. In this
experiment, they grew their 3 different mutants and four different conditions.
Wild Type/ Class 1/Class 2/Class 3
Condition MutantsMutantsMutants CLASSES OF NEUROSPORA CRAS
Minimal Medium (MM) control.
Can grow with or without any suppleme
MM + Ornithine Can grow on ornithine , citrulline, or arg
Can grow only on citrulline or arginine
Absolutely require arginine to grow.
MM + Citrulline
MM + Arginine ( control)
1 2 3 4
Wild Type/ Class 1/ Class 2/ Class 3
Mutants Mutants Mutants
POC
Enzyme A EnzymeP=
B Precursor O=Ornit
Gene A A
Gene B Gene C Enzyme C
3. What was Beadle and Tatum’s final hypothesis?
Beadle and Tatum’s final hypothesis was “ one gene-one polypeptide
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, hypothesis”.
(a) Bacterial Cell. In a bacterial cell, which
Transcription Translation DNA
mRNA
(b) Eukaryotic cell. The
Transcription
nucleus provides a
Translation separate compartment
Ribosome for transcription. The
DNA
original RNA transcript,
Polypeptide4. Why does the “code” have to be in tripletsmRNAand not singlescalled
or pre- mRNA, is
doubles?
processed
Triplets of nucleotide bases are the smallest units of uniform in various
length that
Ribosome Polypeptide RNA Processing
can code for all the amino acids. If each arrangement of
Nuclear envelope
ways
three before
consecutiveleaving
bases speficies an amino acids, there are 64 possible code the nucleus
words, whichas mRNA.
are more than enough to specify all the amino acids. If each nucleotide base
were translated into an amino acid, only four of the 20 amino acids would be
specified. A two-base sequence would only give 16 possible arrangements,
either one would not be enough. Pre-mRNA
5. What is the template strand? The DNA strand that provides the
pattern, or template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA
transcript.
6. Compare and contrast the codon and anticodon? A codon is a three-
nucleotide sequence that specifies a particular amino acid or termination
signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. An anti-codon is a nucleotide
triplet that recognizes a particular complementary codon on a mRNA
molecule.
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