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IOP2605 EXAM NOTES VS2 UNIT 1-5 2022
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IOP2605 EXAM NOTES VS2 UNIT 1-5 2022Unit 1 - The competent human being
1.2 What is a competent human being?
- sound theoretical knowledge, critical judgment, discipline to learn and adapt rapidly to new problems.
- self- knowledge and awareness
1.2.2 Perspectives on the nature of a competent human being
- Training – intervention aimed to assist people in acquiring job related technical sills
- Develop employee – behavior, skills, attitudes & competencies. Enhance overall quality of persons work life
- Shift towards long-term training
3 Classical Theories
- psycho-analytic (Jung)
- humanist (Maslow and Frankl)
- positive psychology (Aaron Antonovsky)
- leadership development (Steven Covey)
1. Carl Jung: Individuated person – psychoanalytic
- Aware of aspects of self which have been neglected (middle age)
- Individuation becoming an unique individual one self
- coming to selfhood or self-realization
- give up behaviors, values & thoughts which guided first half of life
- unconscious reveals true self
- no single function is dominant – seek balance – capable of being express and indeed must all be expressed
What are the characteristics according to Carl Gustav Jung of an individuate person (10)
Inferior characteristics:
- High level of self-knowledge
o spent several years in contemplation of their selves, lives, ambitions, hopes and goals.
o allowed unconscious to manifest that they are aware of the previously suppressed side of their nature.
o know themselves at both conscious and unconscious levels.
- Acceptance of self
o accept period of self-exploration has revealed to them & their own nature ± its strengths and weaknesses,
o playing roles but they do not confuse these roles with their true selves
- Integration of self
o personality are integrated and harmonized so that all can be expressed ± the opposite-sex characteristics,
o no dominant attitudes and functions, and the whole body of the unconscious.
o first time in life no aspect, attitude or function is dominant.
- Self expression
o Psychological health is such a central part of this integration and expression of all the parts of the personality that we should
consider self- expression to be a fourth characteristic of individuated persons .
- Acceptance and tolerance of human nature
o open to the collective unconscious (the repository of all the experiences of humankind), individuated persons have a greater
awareness and tolerance of the human condition.
o greater insight into the behaviour of others because they recognise forces from our human heritage that influence all of us.
o healthy persons may feel more empathy with humanity.
- Acceptance of unknown and mysterious
o no longer solely creatures of reason, they can admit unconscious, irrational factors into consciousness.
o heed to dreams and fantasies and, while not abandoning the use of reason and logic, they temper those unconscious
processes with the forces of the unconscious.
o acceptance of the unknown and mysterious may also include supernatural and spiritual phenomena ranging from a belief in
clairvoyance to a belief in God
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,2. Abraham Maslow : Self-actualisation – Humanistic
- Humans strive towards self-actualization
- Motivated by needs – hierarchy
- Primary: Physiological needs, safety needs, belonging & love, esteem
- Secondary: knowledge, understanding
A friend has asked you for your advice and developing more of the characteristics of a self-actualized person. By means of practical
examples and a discussion of the theory, indicate how you would advise your friend on becoming more of a self-actualized person. Use
Maslow theory as a basis for your answer (15)
Give the characteristics of a self-actualized person. Use Maslow theory as a basis for your answer (10)
Self-actualiser characteristics:
- Efficient perception of reality (objective)
o do not regard the world only as they want or need it to be, but they see it as it is.
o part of this objectivity in perception, accurate judges of others and can quickly detect fakery and dishonesty.
- General acceptance of nature, others and oneself
o accept themselves, shortcomings and strengths without complaint and worry.
o accepting of their natures, healthy persons do not have to distort or falsify themselves.
o no defensiveness do not hide behind masks or social roles.
- Spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness
o behave in open and direct ways; lives are devoid of pretense.
o do not have to hide emotions but can display honestly.
o say that these persons behave naturally
o thoughtful and considerate of others.
- Focus on problems outside self (dedication)
o committed to their work.
o work is something they want to do; indeed it is something they must do and not merely a job in order to earn a living.
o do not engage in their work for money, fame or power, but because it satisfies the meta-needs; challenges and develops
their abilities
- Autonomous functioning
o need for privacy and independence are the preference and ability to function autonomously of the social and physical
environments.
o no longer motivated by deficiency motives, they are not dependent on the real world for satisfaction
o development depends on own potentialities and inner resources.
- Continued freshness of appreciation
o appreciate certain experiences, no matter how often they are repeated, with a fresh sense of pleasure, awe and
wonder.
o see a lovely or restful view on the daily drive to work
o do not become sated with or bored by life's experiences.
o take little for granted but continue to be thankful for what they possess and can experience.
- Interpersonal relations
o capable of stronger relationships and greater love, deeper friendship and more complete identification with other
individuals.
o interpersonal relationships, more intense
o circle of persons they are close to is therefore small, nonetheless patient and kind to others.
- Democratic character
o tolerate and accept all people regardless of social class, level of education, political or religious affiliation, race or colour.
o ready to listen to and learn from anyone who can teach them something.
o intellectual, for example, is genuinely respectful toward the skilled carpenter
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, - Discrimination between means and end, good and evil
o ends or goals are much more important than the means of reaching them.
o matter is complicated and ends in themselves certain activities and experiences
o able to distinguish between good and evil, and right and wrong.
o well-defined ethical and moral standards which they adhere to in all situations.
- creativity
o original, inventive and innovative, although do not always produce artistic creations; not all writers, artists or
composers.
o compares this creativeness to the naive inventiveness and imagination of children, unbiased and direct way of looking
at things.
o really an attitude, an expression of psychological health, and is concerned more with the way we perceive and react to
the world than with the finished products of an artistic nature.
o persons in any occupation can display creativeness.
3. Victor Frankl: Searching for meaning
Victor Frankl highlights the characteristics listed below a toe as important for understanding a person’s ability to remain
psychologically healthy. Discuss these and in addition briefly describe characteristics of optimal living that can be derived from Frankl’s
theory (15)
a. The freedom of will
b. Responsible life choices
c. Purposeful and value driven behaviour
d. The search for meaning
e. Attitude
Existentialist/humanist should be in balance
Human existence has 3 dimensions (physical, psychological & spiritual)
Characteristics of psychological healthy person:
- Freedom of will:
o spiritual level, choose to accept/discard imposed by external & internal factors.
o can override automated responses and redirect his behaviour to improve himself
- Take responsible choices
o Since a person has the freedom to choose his responses on a spiritual level, he also has the ability to take responsibility for
his choices.
- Purposeful & value driven behavior
o behaviour is not influenced by factors beyond the individual's control, but rather directed by personal objectives and values .
- Search for meaning
o strive to find meaning in life is regarded as basic and overarching motif of each person.
o find meaning within any type of circumstance ± good or bad.
- Attitude
o person of the freedom to choose how he is going to respond or what his attitude will be in these circumstances.
Characteristics of optimal living person:
- Self determined behaviour
o cannot ascribe his fate to outside forces or to his internal needs and drives.
o not impervious of outside forces, we have the freedom to choose our responses.
o freedom to choose how we will behave and we must use that freedom.
- Realistic observation
o distance himself from outside forces to the extent that he has the ability to view things objectively
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