Latest one exam 3(BIO)Answered

Latest one exam 3(BIO)Answered In the Hershey and Chase experiment, the pellet was radioactive after bacteria had been infected with 32P-labeled viruses and centrifuged. Why? A. Viruses were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins from the bacterial DNA. B. Viruses were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA. C. Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA. D. Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their cell membranes. E. Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive proteins into their DNA. {{ANS}}c Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA. Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 5' - TCATGG - 3'? a. 5' - GGTACT - 3' b. 5' - TTGCAG - 3' c. 3' - CCATGA - 5' d. 3' - TCATGG - 5' e. 3' - AGTACC - 5' {{ANS}}e. 3' - AGTACC - 5' The central dogma describes the flow of information of gene expression as a. protein → DNA → RNA. b. DNA → RNA → protein. c. RNA → DNA. d. DNA → protein → RNA. e. RNA → DNA → protein. {{ANS}}b. DNA → RNA → protein. During DNA replication, the _ strand is assembled in the _ direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by _ replication. a. lagging; opposite; discontinuous b. leading; same; discontinuous c. lagging; same; continuous d. leading; opposite; continuous e. leading; opposite; discontinuous {{ANS}}a. lagging; opposite; discontinuous Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ____________ mutation where the changed codon still codes for the same amino acid as the original codon did. a. chromosomal b. missense c. frameshift d. nonsense e. silent {{ANS}}e. silent Small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs, or "snurps") are involved in ________. a. initiation of transcription b. initiation of translation c. mRNA splicing d. termination of translation e. aminoacylation of tRNA {{ANS}}c. mRNA splicing Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires: a. generation of a poly-A tail. b. splicing introns out and exons together. c. generation of a stop codon. d. copying a terminator sequence in mRNA. e. activation of gene repressors. {{ANS}}a. generation of a poly-A tail. As a ribosome translocates along an mRNA molecule by one codon, which of the following occurs? a. The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site. b. The polypeptide enters the E site. c. The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site. d. The tRNA that was in the A site departs from the ribosome via a tunnel. e. The tRNA that was in the A site moves to the E site and is released. {{ANS}}a. The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA in the _ direction of the template strand, and adds nucleotides to the _ end of the growing transcript. a. 3' to 5'; 5' b. 5' to 3'; 3' c. 3' to 5'; 3' d. 5' to 3'; 5' {{ANS}}c. 3' to 5'; 3' The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 36% cytosine. This organism should have _ % guanine and _ % adenine in its DNA. A. 14; 36 B. 14; 14 C. 86; 14 D. 36; 14 E. 36; 36 {{ANS}}D. 36; 14 The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by ________. a. the tRNA itself b. an mRNA c. the ribosome d. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase e. RNA polymerase {{ANS}}d. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase In roses assume that red or yellow flower color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. Crossing roses with yellow flowers with each other yields only offspring that produce yellow flowers, but when you cross roses with red flowers with each other you sometimes get offspring that produce yellow flowers. If you take a rose plant that is heterozygous for the flower color gene and cross it with another rose plant with red flowers that has had yellow-flowered offspring in the past, what are the predicted fractions for the possible phenotypes of the offspring? a. 4/4 red, 0/4 yellow b. 1/2 red, 1/2 yellow c. 1/4 red, 3/4 yellow d. 3/4 red, 1/4 yellow e. 0/4 red, 4/4 yellow f. cannot be determined {{ANS}}d. 3/4 red, 1/4 yellow in humans, one form of polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) is controlled by a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles; the dominant allele leads to polydactyly, the recessive is for the normal number of fingers and toes. A woman with this form of polydactyly whose extra digits were removed when she was a baby mates with a man who also has this form of polydactyly and who also had his extra digits removed when he was a baby. Their first child is born with the normal number of fingers and toes. What the odds that their second child will also be born with the normal number of fingers and toes? Give your answer as a decimal fraction (for example, you would enter 0.85 for an 85% chance). a. .50 b. .25 c. 1.0 d. .75 {{ANS}}b. .25 3 In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: TtGg x TtGg a - 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green b - 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green c - 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green d - 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green e - 1 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow f - 3 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow g - 1 tall, green: 1 short, green h - 3 tall, green: 1 short, green i - 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green j - 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green k - 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green l - 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green {{ANS}}l - 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: Ttgg x TtGg a. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green b. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green c. short, yellow: 1 short, green d. 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green e. 1 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow f. 3 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow g. 1 tall, green: 1 short, green h. 3 tall, green: 1 short, green i. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green j. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green k. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green l. 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green {{ANS}}j. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: Ttgg x ttGG a. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green b. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green c. 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green d. 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green e. 1 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow f. 3 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow g. 1 tall, green: 1 short, green h. 3 tall, green: 1 short, green i. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green j. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green k. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green l. 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green {{ANS}}e. 1 tall, yellow: 1 short, yellow One gene determines red vs. white flowers in pea plants, and another determines axial vs. terminal flowers. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. If you perform a cross between two of these F1 individuals, approximately what fraction of the offspring should have red, terminal flowers? (Assume independent assortment). Give your answer as a fraction (for example, you would enter 1/10 for a 10% chance). a. 3/16 b. 8/16 c. ¼ {{ANS}}a. 3/16 (NOTE: This data in this question were made up by Dr. Bowling.) In humans, the gene for cystic fibrosis is linked to a gene for a rare form of "blue/yellow" colorblindness. Both of these are recessive. In a study of a small population, several matings were recorded between individuals heterozygous for both genes and individuals with both cystic fibrosis and blue/yellow colorblindness. The offspring phenotypes were recorded as follows: 41 % without cystic fibrosis and with normal color vision 9 % without cystic fibrosis and with blue/yellow colorblindness 7 % with cystic fibrosis and with normal color vision 43 % with both cystic fibrosis and blue/yellow colorblindness Based on these data, what is the map distance between the genes for these two traits? a. 30 b. 16 c. 24 d. 6 e. 2 {{ANS}}b. 16 A woman is red-green colorblind, and she mates with a man who has normal color vision. Knowing that red-green colorblindness is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome, what can you predict for their children with regard to inheritance of color vision? a. all of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind. b. half of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. c. all of the children will be colorblind. d. all of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. e. half of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind. {{ANS}}d. all of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. A woman with normal color vision, but whose father is red-green colorblind, mates with a man who is red-green colorblind. Knowing that red-green colorblindness is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome, what can you predict for their children with regard to inheritance of color vision? a. all of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind. b. half of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. c. all of the children will be colorblind. d. all of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. e. half of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind.{{ANS}}e. half of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind In cats, black fur color is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female and an orange male? a. black females; orange males b. tortoiseshell females; orange males c. tortoiseshell females; black males d. orange females; black males e. tortoiseshell females; tortoiseshell males{{ANS}}c. tortoiseshell females; black males Recall that the gene for red or white eye color in fruit flies is X-linked, with the white color allele recessive. You examine a vial of 100 flies that are all offspring from a single genetic cross. In the vial you find that all females are red-eyed, while the males are about half red-eyed and half white-eyed. The genotypes of the parents were: a. XRXR ; XRY b. XRXr ; XRY c. XrXr ; XRY d. XRXR ; XrY e. XRXr ; XrY{{ANS}}b. XRXr ; XRY In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have either red or white flowers. When a pink-flowered snapdragon is crossed with a red-flowered snapdragon, what proportion of the offspring will have white flowers? Give your answer as a decimal fraction (for example, you would enter 0.25 for a 25% chance). a. 5 b. 8 c. 3 d. 0{{ANS}}d. 0 A man and a woman each have a parent with type O blood. He has type A blood, and she has type B blood. If this man and woman have children, what is the predicted phenotype ratio for their offspring with respect to blood type? a. 1/2 A: 1/2 B b. all AB c. 1/4 A: 1/4 B: 1/4 AB: 1/4 O d. 1/2 A: 1/4 B: 1/4 AB d. 1/2 A: 1/2 AB{{ANS}}c. 1/4 A: 1/4 B: 1/4 AB: 1/4 O In a rodent species from an island in the south Atlantic there are three different coat colors found in the population. Studies show that two genes (each with two alleles) determine the coat color in this species, and a dihybrid cross produces offspring with the coat colors in a 9:3:4 ratio. This is an example of a. epistasis. b. genetic linkage. c. pleiotropy. d. codominance or incomplete dominance. e. multiple alleles.{{ANS}}a. epistasis. When columbines with lavender flowers are mated they produce offspring that make either dark purple, lavender, or white flowers. The ratio is 1 dark purple: 2 lavender: 1 white. This is an example of what kind of non-Mendelian inheritance pattern? a. epistasis b. genetic linkage c. pleiotropy d. codominance or incomplete dominance e. multiple alleles{{ANS}}d. codominance or incomplete dominance Which of the following are part of Darwin's mechanism of evolution? a. competition among organisms b. differential reproductive success c. overproduction of offspring d. acquiring traits because they are needed e. genetic variation among individuals{{ANS}}a ,b, c, e Natural selection is based on which of the following? a. populations tend to produce more individuals than the b. environment can support. b. genetic variation exists within populations. c. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. d. individuals who survive longer tend to produce more offspring than those who die young. e. the best-adapted individuals tend to produce the most offspring.{{ANS}}a, b, d, e Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus? a. The environment is responsible for natural selection. b. Earth is more than 10,000 years old. c. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. d. Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals. e. All species are fixed in the form in which they are created.{{ANS}}c. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. 4 The first public presentation of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection was done jointly with a presentation of the work of ___ , who independently derived essentially the same theory. a. Lamarck b. Bates c. Lyell d. Malthus e. Wallace{{ANS}}e. Wallace It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that a. island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. b. the islands were originally part of the continent. c. island forms and mainland forms have identical gene pools. d. the island forms and mainland forms are converging. e. common environments are inhabited by the same organisms.{{ANS}}a. island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. Which is of the following are commonly used to date fossils (especially those likely to be millions of years old)? a. their association with index fossils b. radioisotope dating of the fossils themselves c. their relative position in rock layers d. radioisotope dating of rock layers above and below the fossils{{ANS}}a, c, d The modern theory of plate tectonics is used in studies of a. vestigial structures b. biogeography c. mutations d. reproductive isolating mechanisms e. homologous features{{ANS}}b. biogeography Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? a. All organisms reproduce. b. All organisms have undergone evolution. c. All organisms require energy. d. All organisms show heritable variation. e. All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.{{ANS}}e. All organisms use essentially the same genetic code. Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? a. Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations. b. Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. c. The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that these species had not previously used. d. Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.{{ANS}}d. Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits. Which is most likely to happen to a human autosomal aneuploid? A. death around the age of 1 year B. survival until the mid-thirties C. survival until the early teens D. spontaneous abortion E. death around the age of 1 month{{ANS}}D. spontaneous abortion In humans, wet earwax is a dominant trait governed by normal Mendelian inheritance for a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles; the other trait, dry earwax, is recessive. A woman with wet earwax has one child, and that child has dry earwax. What is the genotype of the woman with respect to the wet/dry earwax gene? A. heterozygous B. homozygous recessive C. most likely homozygous dominant D. cannot be determined without more crosses{{ANS}}A. heterozygous In pea plants purple flower color is dominant over white flower color. A pea plant that is homozygous purple-flowered is crossed with another pea plant that is heterozygous. Which answer fits the predicted genotype(s) of their offspring with respect to flower color? A. all Aa B. all AA C. 1 Aa : 1 aa D. 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa E. 1 AA : 1 Aa{{ANS}}E. 1 AA : 1 Aa In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have either red or white flowers. When a pink-flowered snapdragon is crossed with a pink-flowered snapdragon, what proportion of the offspring will have pink flowers? A. 50% B. 75% C. 0% D. 25% E. 100%{{ANS}}A. 50% A phylum is divided into ____ as the next taxonomic level. A. families B. orders C. species D. classes E. genera{{ANS}}D. classes The chromosome-level change depicted between the top and bottom in the figure above represents a(n) ________. A. duplication B. reciprocal translocation C. inversion D. deletion{{ANS}}C. inversion Examine the pedigree above, where individuals that have the genetic condition being tested are marked with filled squares or circles. Which of the following inheritance patterns is most likely correct for this condition? A. X-linked dominant B. autosomal recessive C. X-linked recessive D. autosomal dominant E. the pedigree does not indicate any known inheritance pattern{{ANS}}C. X-linked recessive Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag from was graphed. (Percent change was from the mass of the bag at time 0, the start of the experiment.) For which line or lines does the data indicate that the solution in the bag is isotonic compared to the solution in the beaker at the end of the experiment (60 minute timepoint)? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. A and B G. A, C, and E H. D and E{{ANS}}G. A, C, and E The various species of Galapagos finches are closely related to each other genetically; their next closest genetic relatives are found: A. on the mainland of Europe B. on islands with a similar climate in the Atlantic Ocean C. on the nearby mainland of South America D. on islands with a similar climate near New Zealand{{ANS}}C. on the nearby mainland of South America When columbines with lavender flowers are mated they produce offspring that make either dark purple, lavender, or white flowers. The ratio is 1 dark purple: 2 lavender: 1 white. Based on this, inheritance of flower color in columbines is apparently an example of: A. pleiotropy. B. epistasis. C. gene interactions. D. multiple alleles. E. incomplete dominance.{{ANS}}E. incomplete dominance. You are genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have a child together it could have hemophilia. The man does not have hemophilia. The woman does not have X-linked hemophilia either, but her father does have it. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them? A. none of their offspring should have hemophilia, but all of their female offspring will be carriers for hemophilia. B. all of their male offspring will have hemophilia, and each of their female offspring will have a 50% chance of having hemophilia. C. any child that they produce will have a 50% chance of having hemophilia. D. all of their male offspring will have hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will all be carriers. E. each of their male offspring will have a 50% chance of having hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will each have a 50% chance of being carriers.{{ANS}}E. each of their male offspring will have a 50% chance of having hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will each have a 50% chance of being carriers. Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following presents the species most closely related to orang-utans (or the group of species that are equally the most closely related to orang-utans)? A. gorillas and chimpanzees B. gibbons, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans C. gibbons and gorillas D. gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans E. gibbons{{ANS}}D. gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans Which of the following is the most appropriate term to use for a structure that has lost most or all of its ancestral function in a given species but that is still present in some form in that species? An example of such a structure would be the appendix in humans. A. vestigial B. homoplastic C. homologous D. heterogeneous E. divergent{{ANS}}A. vestigial In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that A. mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice. B. mutant mice were resistant to bacterial infections. C. mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic. D. mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. E. infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains.{{ANS}}D. mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. In the metabolic pathway indicated above, a mutation results in a defective enzyme B. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation? A. an accumulation of B and little or no production of C B. an accumulation of A and little or no production of B and C C. an accumulation of C and little or no production of B D. an accumulation of B and C E. an accumulation of C{{ANS}}A. an accumulation of B and little or no production of C The physical division between the fauna of Asia and Australia is known as A. the Darwin Division. B. the Sarawak Law. C. the Beagle Strait. D. the Bali Passage. E. the Wallace Line.{{ANS}}E. the Wallace Line. In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: ttgg x TtGg A. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green B. 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green C. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green D. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green E. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green{{ANS}}E. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green The abnormal genetic condition that is revealed in the karyotype below is A. Klinefelter syndrome. B. Triple-X syndrome. C. Turner syndrome. D. cri-du-chat syndrome. E. Down syndrome.{{ANS}}E. Down syndrome. Refer to the representation of DNA replication above. The structure labeled "C" is: A. DNA ligase. B. DNA polymerase. C. primase. D. DNA helicase. E. single-strand DNA binding protein.{{ANS}}D. DNA helicase. In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires _ 3-PGA molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs. A. 6; 6; 6 B. 12; 12; 12 C. 10; 6; 0 D. 10; 12; 6 E. 12; 18; 12{{ANS}}B. 12; 12; 12 Bates provided what is considered to be one of the most important early contributions to studies of evolution when he wrote a paper where he used natural selection to explain A. Darwin's finches. B. island biogeography. C. distribution of Galapagos tortoises. D. fossils from the Amazon basin. E. mimicry.{{ANS}}E. mimicry. The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the _ and is located _ of the transcribed region. A. initiator; upstream B. initiator; downstream C. intron; downstream D. promoter; upstream E. promoter; downstream{{ANS}}D. promoter; upstream Refer to the representation of DNA replication above. The structure labeled "B" is: A. DNA helicase. B. single-strand DNA binding protein. C. primase. D. DNA polymerase. E. DNA ligase.{{ANS}}D. DNA polymerase. Translation ends when a stop codon is at the site, allowing a/an ____ to enter there and then cause the translation machinery to fall apart and release the new polypeptide. A. E; terminator tRNA B. P; terminator tRNA C. A; terminator tRNA D. A; termination factor E. P; termination factor{{ANS}}D. A; termination factor A woman is red-green colorblind, and she mates with a man who has normal color vision. Knowing that red-green colorblindness is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome, you can predict that if they produce children the odds are that: A. all of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind. B. half of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. C. all of the children will be colorblind. D. all of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. E. half of the boys and half of the girls will be colorblind.{{ANS}}D. all of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind. Meselson and Stahl found evidence supporting the theory that DNA replication is semiconservative when they grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. Which of the results in the figure above matches the results that they found after two rounds of DNA replication in the presence of 14N? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E{{ANS}}B. B Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand5' - TCATGG - 3'? A. 3' - TCATGG - 5' B. 5' - GGTACT - 3' C. 3' - CCATGA - 5' D. 5' - TTGCAG - 3' E. 3' - AGTACC - 5'{{ANS}}E. 3' - AGTACC - 5' Charles Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in: A. 1871 B. 1900 C. 1836 D. 1859 E. 1809{{ANS}}D. 1859 Assume that an mRNA molecule is made beginning complementary to this DNA sequence:5'-CCGTACTGCATGCCG-3'.The third codon (counting the start codon as the first codon) directs incorporation of which amino acid in the polypeptide? A. aspartic acid B. glutamine C. alanine D. tyrosine E. histidine{{ANS}}D. tyrosine Refer to the representation of DNA replication above. The structure labeled "E" is: A. DNA helicase. B. single-strand DNA binding protein. C. primase. D. DNA polymerase. E. DNA ligase.{{ANS}}C. primase. One gene determines red vs. white flowers in pea plants, and another determines axial vs. terminal flowers. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. If you perform a cross between two of these F1 individuals, approximately what fraction of the offspring should have red, axial flowers? (Assume independent assortment). A. 1/2 B. 3/16 C. 9/16 D. 1/4 E. 1/16{{ANS}}C. 9/16 The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 34% cytosine. This organism should have % thymine and % guanine in its DNA. A. 84; 16 B. 34; 34 C. 34; 16 D. 16; 16 E. 16; 34{{ANS}}E. 16; 34 In Drosophila melanogaster the allele for long wings is dominant over the allele for vestigial wings and the allele for a gray body is dominant over the allele for a black body. A testcross was done to check for genetic linkage between the genes for these traits, with the following results for the offspring: 460 flies with long wings and a black body46 flies with long wings and a gray body440 flies with vestigial wings and a gray body54 flies with vestigial wings and a black body Which of the choices below best represents the map distance between the genes for these two traits? A. 100 map units B. 10 map units C. 5.0 map units D. 20 map units E. 4.6 map units{{ANS}}B. 10 map units The process of transcription refers to the direct use of information encoded in _ to make _. A. DNA; an RNA strand B. DNA; a polypeptide C. RNA; a polypeptide D. RNA; a DNA strand E. a polypeptide; RNA{{ANS}}A. DNA; an RNA strand You are genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have another child together it could have cystic fibrosis. The man does not have cystic fibrosis, but his brother did. Genetic tests reveal that both the man and the woman are carriers for cystic fibrosis. They have three children already, and none of their children has cystic fibrosis. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them? A. any child that they produce has a 50% chance of having cystic fibrosis, and the rest will be carriers. B. any child that they produce will have a 25% chance of having cystic fibrosis. C. their next child will have cystic fibrosis, since they already have had three children without it. D. no child that they produce should wind up with cystic fibrosis, but each of their offspring will have a 50% chance of being a carrier. E. they should not have any concerns, as no child that they produce should wind up with cystic fibrosis.{{ANS}}B. any child that they produce will have a 25% chance of having cystic fibrosis. Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires: A. splicing introns out and exons together. B. generation of a poly-A tail. C. activation of gene repressors. D. generation of a stop codon. E. copying a terminator sequence in mRNA.{{ANS}}B. generation of a poly-A tail. A boy is red-green colorblind, but his biological parents and grandparents all have normal color vision Assuming that the boy's colorblindness was not due to new mutations, what are the genotypes for his maternal grandparents? Use XB for the dominant (normal vision) allele and Xb for the recessive (colorblind) allele. A. XBXb, XBY B. XBXB, XbY C. XBXB, XBY D. XbXb, XBY E. XBXb, XbY{{ANS}}C. XBXB, XBY What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis? A. O2 B. NADP+ C. CO2 D. ATP E. ADP{{ANS}}B. NADP+ Natural selection is based on all of the following except A. the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring. B. genetic variation exists within populations. C. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. D. individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. E. populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.{{ANS}}C. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to A. differences in gene expression. B. using different genetic codes. C. having different genes. D. having different ribosomes. E. having different chromosomes.{{ANS}}A. differences in gene expression. Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a __ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for an amino acid to code for a different amino acid. A. silent B. chromosomal C. missense D. frameshift E. nonsense{{ANS}}C. missense In humans, phenylketonuria (PKU) is a/an ______ genetic disorder. A. Y-linked B. autosomal recessive C. X-linked dominant D. autosomal dominant E. X-linked recessive{{ANS}}B. autosomal recessive Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis? A. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → mitosis → fertilization B. zygote → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization C. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → production of gametes → fertilization D. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization E. zygote → mitosis → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization{{ANS}}D. zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization What is the predicted phenotype ratio for human children if their mother's genotype is IAIA for blood type and their father is IAIB? A. all AB B. 1/2 A: 1/2 AB C. 1/4 A: 1/4 B: 1/4 AB: 1/4 O D. 1/4 A: 1/2 B: 1/4 AB E. 1/2 A: 1/2 B{{ANS}}B. 1/2 A: 1/2 AB In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: Ttgg x TtGg A. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green B. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green C. 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green D. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green E. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green{{ANS}}D. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation? A. iron-sulfur proteins B. ATP synthase C. cytochromes D. ubiquinone E. flavin mononucleotide (FMN){{ANS}}B. ATP synthase Histone H1 interacts with linker DNA to form the _________ . A. nucleosomes B. condensed chromatin (700 nm fiber) C. packed nucleosomes (30 nm fiber) D. looped domains (300 nm fiber) E. condensed chromosome{{ANS}}C. packed nucleosomes (30 nm fiber) Individuals who are genetic carriers for sickle cell anemia do not actually have sickle cell anemia but do have a heterozygote advantage in some parts of the world because they are more resistant to ____ . A. malaria B. cancer C. sickle cell anemia D. diarrhea-inducing diseases E. phenylalanine{{ANS}}A. malaria The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by: A. an mRNA B. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase C. the tRNA itself D. the ribosome E. RNA polymerase{{ANS}}B. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Three babies were mixed up in a hospital. After consideration of the data below, which of the following represent the correct baby and parent combinations? A. I-2, II-1, III-3 B. I-3, II-2, III-1 C. I-1, II-2, III-3 D. I-2, II-3, III-1 E. I-1, II-3, III-2{{ANS}}D. I-2, II-3, III-1 Assume that an mRNA molecule is made beginning complementary to this DNA sequence:5'-CCGTACTGCATGCCG-3'.The second codon (counting the start codon as the first codon) directs incorporation of which amino acid in the polypeptide? A. glutamine B. glutamic acid C. serine D. glycine E. threonine{{ANS}}A. glutamine In aerobic respiration, energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? A. mitochondrial inner membrane B. mitochondrial intermembrane space C. mitochondrial outer membrane D. cytosol E. mitochondrial matrix{{ANS}}B. mitochondrial intermembrane space DNA → RNA → protein{{ANS}}The general flow of information in gene expression is Gene{{ANS}}unit of heredity; controls a trait that determines a phenotype Phenotype{{ANS}}appearance or characteristic of a gene in an organism Genotype{{ANS}}genetic makeup of an organism, determines phenotype Hardy-Weinburg Equation{{ANS}}p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Promoter{{ANS}}where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin. located upstream of the transcribed region Pedigree{{ANS}}a chart summarizing phenotypes and/or genotypes within a family over several generations. works only when a single locus controls the phenotypic trait Hypercholesterolemia is a ___ genetic disorder.{{ANS}}autosomal dominant Homozygous{{ANS}}the homologous chromosomes have the same allele at the locus in question; the trait from that allele will be expressed Heterozygous{{ANS}}the homologous chromosomes have different alleles at the locus; if there is a dominant allele the trait of the dominant allele will be expressed Klinefelter Syndrome{{ANS}}when someone has an extra chromosome copy: XXY (male) Triple-X Syndrome{{ANS}}when a female has an extra X chromosome copy (XXX) Turner Syndrome{{ANS}}when someone is missing a chromosome copy: X_ (female) Cri-du-chat Syndrome{{ANS}}"cat's cry" syndrome, caused by a deletion in the genes, 5th one Down Syndrome{{ANS}}syndrome when there is an extra copy of a gene in humans on the 21st set. increased risk for mental retardation, leukemia, and Alzheimer's Disease Primase{{ANS}}Starts the DNA replication process by making a RNA primer DNA Helicase{{ANS}}part of DNA replication that unwinds and opens the old DNA strand Single-strand DNA Binding Protein{{ANS}}part of DNA replication that keeps the single strands from binding to each other Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires:{{ANS}}generation of a poly-A tail Stopping transcription in prokaryotes requires:{{ANS}}copying a terminator sequence in mRNA Translation{{ANS}}direct use of information in RNA to make a polypeptide (RNA - protein) Transcription{{ANS}}process of making RNA using directions from a DNA template (DNA - RNA) Silent Mutation{{ANS}}Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in this mutation where the changed codon still codes for the same amino acid as the original codon did Frameshift Mutation{{ANS}}mutations that shift the reading frame (occur when nucleotides are either added or deleted) Reciprocal translocation{{ANS}}a genetic mutation where two sections of two genes are switched with each other Inversion{{ANS}}a genetic mutation when two gene portions are inverted Deletion{{ANS}}a genetic mutation when a portion of a gene is deleted Leading Strand{{ANS}}assembled in the same direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by continuous replication Lagging Strand{{ANS}}assembled in the opposite direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by discontinuous replication The Wallace Line{{ANS}}boundary line drawn in 1859 by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace that separates the ecozones of Asia and Wallacea, a transitional zone between Asia and Australia Charles Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in:{{ANS}}1859 Natural Selection{{ANS}}Idea pioneered by Charles Darwin. Based on: the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring, genetic variation exists within populations, populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support, individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. Darwin's Mechanism of Evolution{{ANS}}includes competition among organisms, differential reproductive success, overproduction of offspring, and genetic variation among individuals Macroevolution{{ANS}}major evolutionary change. The term applies mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time Microevolution{{ANS}}evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period Which is most likely to happen to a human autosomal aneuploid?{{ANS}}spontaneous abortion The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the _ and is located _ of the transcribed region.{{ANS}}promoter, upstream You are genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have a child together it could have hemophilia. The man does not have hemophilia. The woman does not have X-linked hemophilia either, but her father does have it. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them?{{ANS}}each of their male offspring will have a 50% chance of having hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will each have a 50% chance of being carriers. Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis?{{ANS}}zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization Bates provided what is considered to be one of the most important early contributions to studies of evolution when he wrote a paper where he used natural selection to explain{{ANS}}mimicry. In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that{{ANS}}mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. Translation ends when a stop codon is at the____ site allowing a/an ____ to enter there and then cause the translation machinery to fall apart and release the new polypeptide.{{ANS}}A; termination factor Natural selection is based on....{{ANS}}-the best adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring -genetic variation exists within populations -individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offsprings than those who die young -populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support Individuals who are genetic carriers for sickle cell anemia do not actually have sickle cell anemia but do have a heterozygote advantage in some parts of the world because they are more resistant to ____ .{{ANS}}malaria Which of the following is the most appropriate term to use for a structure that has lost most or all of its ancestral function in a given species but that is still present in some form in that species? An example of such a structure would be the appendix in humans.{{ANS}}vestigial Histone H1 interacts with linker DNA to form the _________ .{{ANS}}packed nucleosomes (30 nm fiber) In humans, phenylketonuria (PKU) is a/an ______ genetic disorder.{{ANS}}autosomal recessive The physical division between the fauna of Asia and Australia is known as{{ANS}}the Wallace line Which of the are components of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation?{{ANS}}iron surfer proteins cytochromes ubiquinone flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a __ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for an amino acid to code for a different amino acid.{{ANS}}missense Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires:{{ANS}}generation of a poly-A tail. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to{{ANS}}deffirecenes in gen Expression Charles Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in:{{ANS}}1859 The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by:{{ANS}}an amino-tRNA synthetase What is the ultimate electron acceptor in noncyclic electron transport in photosynthesis?{{ANS}}NADP+ The various species of Galapagos finches are closely related to each other genetically; their next closest genetic relatives are found:{{ANS}}on the nearby mainland of South America When columbines with lavender flowers are mated they produce offspring that make either dark purple, lavender, or white flowers. The ratio is 1 dark purple: 2 lavender: 1 white. Based on this, inheritance of flower color in columbines is apparently an example of:{{ANS}}incomplete dominance. The process of transcription refers to the direct use of information encoded in _ to make _.{{ANS}}DNA, an RNA strand Which of the following acts in DNA replication to begin new strands?{{ANS}}primase In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?{{ANS}}RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis. This type of RNA is about 70-80 bases long, basepairing with itself to form a folded 3-dimensional structure. It is often linked directly to a specfic amino acid.{{ANS}}t-RNA Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ____________ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for an amino acid to code for a stop codon.{{ANS}}nonsense Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?{{ANS}}Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows. To start transcription in eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase needs{{ANS}}transcription factors to help it bind to a promoter A cell in the lining of the stomach is structurally and functional different from a brain cell mainly because it{{ANS}}differs in what genes are expressed. A diploid cell that is 2N = 6 undergoes all of mitosis, including all cell divisions. The result is{{ANS}}2 cells, with 6 chromosomes each Fossils are dated by:{{ANS}}-association with index fossils -radioisotope dating of rock layer -relative position in rock layer Which of the following represents the order of increasingly higher levels of organization of chromatin?{{ANS}}nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain When rabbits with brown fur color are mated they produce offspring that have either red, brown, or white fur. The ratio is 1 red: 2 brown: 1 white. Based on this, inheritance of this color gene is apparently an example of:{{ANS}}incomplete dominance. It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that{{ANS}}island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors. The main reason that a plant performs photosynthisis is to:{{ANS}}produce organic molecules using light energy and CO2 If a substance is said to have a high specific heat, that means that it{{ANS}}heats and cools more slowly than most substances In humans, sickle cell anemia is an ______ genetic disorder.{{ANS}}autosomal recessive A fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 8 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of CO2 would be released by these eight turns of the citric acid cycle?{{ANS}}16 Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?{{ANS}}genetic variation among individuals If a cell is placed in a solution that is **HYPOTONIC** relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will:{{ANS}}overall wind up losing water to the solution introns are significant to biological evolution because{{ANS}}their presence allows eons to be moved around more easily creating proteins with new combination of functional domains cycle cell PKU hopocolasterall{{ANS}}autosomal recessive atuosomal recessive atuosoal dominant in a rodent species from an island in the south Atlantic there are two different coat colors found in the population. Studies show the genes determine coat color in this species, and a dihybrid cross produces offspring with the coat colors in a 9:7 ratio. The is an example of{{ANS}}epistasis Energy realized by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?{{ANS}}mitochondrial inter membrane space autosomal: close to the same number of circles and squares x-linked: more of the squares or circle is more filled than the other recessive: not in all of the lines dominat: in all of the lines{{ANS}} Law of Segregation{{ANS}}first law of heredity stating that pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed Dihybrid Cross{{ANS}}cross between individuals that are both heterozygous for two different genes that you are following Law of Independent Assortment{{ANS}}segregation of any one pair of alleles is independent of the segregation of the segregation of other pairs of alleles P Generation{{ANS}}parental generation F1 Generation{{ANS}}first generation of offspring F2 Generation{{ANS}}second generation of offspring Phenotype{{ANS}}appearance or characteristic of an organism Genotype{{ANS}}genetic makeup of an organism; determines phenotype Gene{{ANS}}unit of heredity; controls a trait that determines a phenotype Locus{{ANS}}the location of a particular gene on a chromosome Alleles{{ANS}}alternative versions of a gene Dominant{{ANS}}allele that dominates over others in determining phenotype Recessive{{ANS}}allele whose phenotypic expression is "hidden" when a dominant allele is present Hybrid{{ANS}}offspring from a cross between two "pure" lines of different, competing phenotypes Homozygous{{ANS}}same alleles Heterozygous{{ANS}}different alleles Genetic Mapping{{ANS}}placement of a gene into a position in a linkage group Pedigree{{ANS}}chart summarizing phenotypes and/or genotypes within a family over several generations Hermaphrodite{{ANS}}both sexes in a single organism Homogametic Sex{{ANS}}has a pair of similar sex chromosomes; all gametes produced get that kind of sex chromosome Product Rule{{ANS}}when independent but not mutually exclusive events are combined, you multiply their individual probabilities to get the overall probability of the result Sum Rule{{ANS}}if there is more than one way to obtain a result (mutually exclusive events), you add their individual probabilities to get the overall probability of the result Punnett Square{{ANS}}way of diagramming genetic crosses that uses the laws of probability Test Cross{{ANS}}mating an individual that has the dominant phenotype for a trait with an individual with the recessive phenotype Monohybrid Cross{{ANS}}cross between individuals that are both heterozygous for the gene that you are following Recombination{{ANS}}any process that leads to combinations of genotype not seen in the parents Recombinant Gametes{{ANS}}gametes that display a recombinant genotype Recombinant Offspring{{ANS}}offspring whose phenotype reveals that they inherited genes from a recombinant gamete Linked Genes{{ANS}}genes on the same chromosome that don't sort independently Map Unit{{ANS}}1% recombination Linkage Group{{ANS}}all genes on a particular chromosome Heterogametic Sex{{ANS}}has two different chromosomes; makes gametes with two different types of sex chromosomes Autosomes{{ANS}}non-sex chromosomes X-Linked{{ANS}}a gene found only on the X chromosome Recessive X-Linked{{ANS}}alleles are expressed more often in males than females Dosage Compensation{{ANS}}a mechanism for equalizing the overall expression of an X-linked gene in both males and females Barr Body{{ANS}}condensed, mostly inactivated X chromosome visible during interphase in most mammalian cells Variegation (Mosaicism){{ANS}}mixes in phenotypic appearance in an organism due to expression of X-linked genes and variable, random inactivation patterns for X chromosomes Incomplete Dominance{{ANS}}the heterozygote has a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous states Codominance{{ANS}}the heterozygote expresses characteristics of both alleles Multiple Alleles{{ANS}}any time there are three or more allele types involved Pleiotrophy{{ANS}}one gene, many phenotypes Gene Interactions{{ANS}}two or more genes interact to produce a novel phenotype; exactly four phenotypes are found Epistasis{{ANS}}one gene influences the phenotype that a second gene usually controls, masking any effects of alleles at the second gene Spot Epistasis{{ANS}}by modification of dihybrid cross results getting ratio like 9:7 instead of 9:3:3:1 Polygenic Inheritance{{ANS}}multiple, independent genes have similar additive effects on a characteristic (when plotted they produce a normal distribution) Inbreeding{{ANS}}the mating of closely related individuals "true-breeding" Outbreeding{{ANS}}mating of esysentially unrelated individuals Hybrid Vigor{{ANS}}progeny produced by outbreeding often show a clear genetic superiority as a group over their parents when the parents are from mostly inbred lines Heterozygote Advantage{{ANS}}some positive attribute that is not found in any homozygous case Nondisjunction{{ANS}}mistake in cell division where chromosomes do not separate properly in anaphase Polyploidy{{ANS}}complete extra sets (3n)- fatal in humans, most animals Aneuploidy{{ANS}}missing one copy or haven an extra copy of a single chromosome Trisomy{{ANS}}3 copies of a chromosome in your somatic cell Monosomy{{ANS}}one copy of a chromosome in your somatic cells Chromosomal Rearrangements{{ANS}}errors in homologous chromosome pairing and/or crossing over Reciprocal Translocation{{ANS}}non-homologous chromosomes pair and exchange parts (if only one gets new material, this is just called a translocation) Deletions{{ANS}}loss of genetic material Duplications{{ANS}}extra copies of genetic material Translocation Down Syndrome{{ANS}}a translocation of chromosome 21 to chromosome 14 Inversion{{ANS}}part of a chromosome is "flipped" relative to the normal gene sequence; can also lead to deletions and duplications Psedogenes{{ANS}}a section of a chromosome that is an imperfect copy of a functional gene Fragile Sites{{ANS}}regions that are poorly connected to the rest of the chromosome Griffith{{ANS}}some "transforming principle" from the heat killed S strain changed the R strain to make it deadly Bacteriophages{{ANS}}viruses that infect bacteria Hershey and Chase{{ANS}}discovered that viruses inject DNA into bacteria and take them over Chargoff{{ANS}}found any one organism they tested had amounts of A=T and C=G Franklin{{ANS}}x-ray diffraction studies indicated a helical model Watson and Crick{{ANS}}published the accepted model for the structure of the DNA double helix Meselson and Stahl{{ANS}}used nitrogen to mark old vs. newly synthesized DNA strands DNA Helicase{{ANS}}unwinds and opens DNA Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins{{ANS}}keep replication fork open Topoisomerases{{ANS}}break and rejoin strands resolving knots and strains that occur DNA Polymerases{{ANS}}direct synthesis of new strands and proof reads new strand Primase{{ANS}}starts the mRNA strand by adding RNA primer Leading Strand{{ANS}}3' end at the fork, thus it's synthesis is continuous in the same direction as the fork Lagging Strand{{ANS}}5' end at the fork, thus it's synthesized in the opposite direction of the fork; made of Okazaki fragments DNA Ligase{{ANS}}connects the Okazaki fragments and joins DNA strands when replication forks meet Telomeres{{ANS}}ends of chromosomes Nucleosomes{{ANS}}main packaging mechanism for eukaryotic DNA Histones{{ANS}}8 protein subunits acting like a "spool" for the DNA "thread" Linker DNA{{ANS}}parts of the continuous DNA molecule that are not wound on histones Garrod{{ANS}}summarized the idea that genes are responsible for making enzymes in his work "Inborn Errors of Metabolism" Beadle and Tatum{{ANS}}found mutant genes in a fungus that each affected a single step in a metabolic pathway; developed the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis; work by Srb and Horowitz illustrated this more clearly mRNA{{ANS}}copies the actual instructions from the gene tRNA{{ANS}}links with amino acids and bring them to the appropriate sites for incorporation in proteins rRNA{{ANS}}main structural and catalytic components of ribosomes, where proteins are actually produced Template Strand{{ANS}}the DNA strand that is read Upstream{{ANS}}toward the 5' end of the RNA strand Downstream{{ANS}}toward the 3' end of the RNA strand Transcriptions Initiation Complex{{ANS}}completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase at the promoter region Genetic Code{{ANS}}actual information for making proteins Codons{{ANS}}sequences of 3 bases that instruct for the addition of a particular amino acid Leader Sequence{{ANS}}mRNA strand prior to start codon Trailing Strand{{ANS}}mRNA strand after the stop codon Introns{{ANS}}stretches of bases that "interrupt" sequence Exons{{ANS}}regions that won't be removed RNA Splicing{{ANS}}removing introns Mutagens{{ANS}}DNA damage inducers Carcinogens{{ANS}}mutations that increase the likelihood of cancer Hot Spots{{ANS}}more prone to mutations Mutations{{ANS}}changes in the DNA sequence Point Mutations{{ANS}}mutations that result in the substitution of one base for another Silent Mutation{{ANS}}if the point mutation does not actually cause a change in what amino acid is coded for Missense Mutation{{ANS}}if the point mutation does not actually causes a change in what amino acid is coded for Nonsense Mutation{{ANS}}if the point mutation results in the formation of a stop where an amino acid was previously coded for; result in the premature termination of the protein sequence Frameshift Mutations{{ANS}}mutations that shift the reading frame Transposon{{ANS}}DNA that can jump around the genome Constitutive Genes{{ANS}}constantly transcribed with little to no regulation Transcription Factors{{ANS}}proteins that regulate transcription Repressors{{ANS}}transcription factors that suppress or stop gene expression Activators{{ANS}}transcription factors that either activate gene expression, or that enhance gene expression Enhancers{{ANS}}DNA regions, often far from the promoter, where activators will bind either directly or indirectly c. spontaneous abortion{{ANS}}Which is most likely to happen to a human autosomal aneuploid? a. survival until the mid-thirties b. death around the age of 1 year c. spontaneous abortion d. survival until the early teens e. death around the age of 1 month d. autosomal dominant{{ANS}}Examine the pedigree above, where individuals that have the genetic condition being tested are marked with filled squares or circles. Which of the following inheritance patterns is most likely correct for this condition? a. X-linked dominant b. autosomal recessive c. X-linked recessive d. autosomal dominant e. the pedigree does not indicate any known inheritance pattern e. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green{{ANS}}In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: ttgg x TtGg a. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green b. 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green c. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green d. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green e. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green e. the Wallace Line{{ANS}}The physical division between the fauna of Asia and Australia is known as a. the Darwin Division. b. the Sarawak Law. c. the Beagle Strait. d. the Bali Passage. e. the Wallace Line. b. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase{{ANS}}The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by: a. an mRNA b. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase c. the tRNA itself d. the ribosome e. RNA polymerase b. 1/2 A: 1/2 B{{ANS}}What is the predicted phenotype ratio for human children if their mother's genotype is IAIA for blood type and their father is IAIB? a. all AB b. 1/2 A: 1/2 AB c. 1/4 A: 1/4 B: 1/4 AB: 1/4 O d. 1/4 A: 1/2 B: 1/4 AB e. 1/2 A: 1/2 B d. classes{{ANS}}A phylum is divided into ____ as the next taxonomic level. a. families b. orders c. species d. classes e. genera D. I-2, II-3, III-1{{ANS}}Three babies were mixed up in a hospital. After consideration of the data below, which of the following represent the correct baby and parent combinations? Couple # Blood Groups I: A and B II: AB and O III: AB and B Baby # Blood Groups 1: AB 2: O 3: BI-2, II-1, III-3 a. I-3, II-2, III-1 b. I-1, II-2, III-3 c. I-2, II-3, III-1 d. I-1, II-3, III-2 a. an accumulation of B and little or no production of C{{ANS}}A(Enzyme A)-B(Enzyme B)-C In the metabolic pathway indicated above, a mutation results in a defective enzyme B. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation? a. an accumulation of B and little or no production of C b. an accumulation of A and little or no production of B and C c. an accumulation of C and little or no production of B d. an accumulation of B and C e. an accumulation of C a. XBXb, XBY{{ANS}}A boy is red-green colorblind, but his biological parents and grandparents all have normal color vision Assuming that the boy's colorblindness was not due to new mutations, what are the genotypes for his maternal grandparents? Use XB for the dominant (normal vision) allele and Xb for the recessive (colorblind) allele. a. XBXb, XBY b. XBXB, XbY c. XBXB, XBY d. XbXb, XBY e. XBXb, XbY d. A; termination factor{{ANS}}Translation ends when a stop codon is at the site, allowing a/an ____ to enter there and then cause the translation machinery to fall apart and release the new polypeptide. a. E; terminator tRNA b. P; terminator tRNA c. A; terminator tRNA d. A; termination factor e. P; termination factor c. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.{{ANS}}Natural selection is based on all of the following except a. the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring. b. genetic variation exists within populations. c. individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve. d. individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young. e. populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. d. 1859{{ANS}}Charles Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in: a. 1871 b. 1900 c. 1836 d. 1859 e. 1809 d. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green{{ANS}}In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: Ttgg x TtGg a. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green b. 3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green c. 9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green d. 3 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green e. 1 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green c. missense{{ANS}}Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a __ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for an amino acid to code for a different amino acid. a. silent b. chromosomal c. missense d. frameshift e. nonsense d. promoter; upstream{{ANS}}The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the _ and is located _ of the transcribed region. a. initiator; upstream b. initiator; downstream c. intron; downstream d. promoter; upstream e. promoter; downstream e. each of their male offspring will have a 50% chance of having hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will each have a 50% chance of being carriers.{{ANS}}You are genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have a child together it could have hemophilia. The man does not have hemophilia. The woman does not have X-linked hemophilia either, but her father does have it. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them? a. none of their offspring should have hemophilia, but all of their female offspring will be carriers for hemophilia. b. all of thei