All content for matric history paper I including The Cold War; Angola; Congo; Tanzania as well as some example essay questions are summarised in this document. These notes helped me achieve 80% for my final IEB history mark.
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
• After communist gov. came into power in USSR, 1917, mistrust had developed (USA worried about the
elimination of private wealth if communism spread
- Temporarily set aside their differences to defeat Hitler
• USR supported by West vs. USSR supported by Soviet bloc – divided the world
• A clash between competing social and economic systems and political ideologies
• Capitalism vs. communism
END OF WWII 1945
• Grand Alliance: (USA ; USSR ; UK)
- The common enemy united USA + USSR – marriage of convenience
• However, Stalin was already suspicious because:
1. USSR carried burden of fight against Nazis (many casualties); USA delayed its defence which
seemed to be an attempt to weaken USSR
2. USA ended Lend-Lease Programme providing supplies to Soviets during the war
3. USA never told allies about atomic bomb until necessary to end war against Japan
• 1944: it is clear they will defeat Germany – what to do next?
YALTA CONFERENCE Feb 1945
• rising tensions – Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill
• decision to divide Germany into 4 zones but “RULE AS ONE” – unanimous decisions
• divided Berlin into zones of occupation
• USSR to allow free elections in Eastern Europe
• USSR promised to join UN & war against Japan
POTSDAM CONFERENCE August 1945
• After Germany was defeated, there was no need for the Grand Alliance (no common enemy)
• Tensions had risen owing to various things:
- USA & Br. had new leaders (Truman much more anti-communist)
- Soviet Army was in control of much of Eastern Europe
- Stalin set up communist gov. in Poland – ignored agreement
• USA had atomic bomb – only informed USSR at Potsdam despite being allies
• Key area of disagreement: USSR wanted reparations & wanted to cripple Germany
USA wanted to rebuild it for trade etc.
,SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
• Area under the influence/control of a dominant power
• Both superpowers wanted to strengthen their control over parts of Europe
- USA in west Europe ; USSR in east Europe
• Communist + capitalist disagreements:
- USA disapproved of 1930s USSR (totalitarian)
- Stalin still felt vulnerable to Atomic Bomb
- USA worried about USSR influence in eastern Europe
SATELLITE STATES
• During WWII: USSR annexed the independent Baltic republics
It was decided at Teheran Conference that Soviet troops would clear Eastern Europe of
Nazis\ USSR felt that USA & Br. would accept Soviet control in those areas
• End of WWII: annexed eastern Poland
• Soviet Army liberated eastern Europe from Nazis
\ ensured soviet-friendly governments came into power – Satellite States
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary Free elections promised at Yalta
Poland did not happen
Romania
Yugoslavia
- Germany had a strong line of defence for protection “buffer”
- Cheap goods + raw materials
- Forced to trade with USSR
Reasons for sat. states:
• Stalin still felt West could be threatening to an already struggling USSR economy
• Intensified by that knowledge of USA atomic bomb
• Communist coup in Czechoslovakia confirmed West’s suspicions
• West worried communism would expand to Greece, Italy and France (where there were strong
communist parties)
• 1946: “iron curtain speech”
- Europe split; unable to see what USSR are doing; more suspicion
, CONTAINMENT 1947
• Action taken by USA to avoid spread of communism
• Change in American foreign policy: became involved in world affairs
• USSR had gradually eliminated non-communist and taken control of key posts to assert dominance
TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
GREECE
1944: Nazis retreated \ battle between communist vs. monarchist = civil war
- Br. liberated Greece but could not contain spread of communism because of neighbours (ABY)
- Br. no $ for civil war
\ USA would support “free people” i.e. democratic countries
- Military aid given if they support democracy + capitalism
($400 million to Greece + Turkey for aid)
TURKEY
1918: Turkey gained USSR land
- Stalin demanded return of provinces \ Turkey asked for aid from USA
IRAN
After WWII: Br. withdrew troops but USSR didn’t (Stalin wanted to help communist guerrillas)
- USA + Br. pressured Stalin to withdraw troops
MARSHALL PLAN June 1947
• Truman decided that they needed more than just military aid to stop communism
• US Secretary of State went to investigate European economies
- Destroyed after WWII
- Truman worried even France & Italy would stray to communism
• Offered money, equipment and goods
- Remarkable economic recovery in Europe
- By 1947 Sept. 16 countries applied for M. Aid
- Countries removed trade barriers and co-operated economically
- Set up OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation)
- Communism weakened
($17 billion Marshall Aid)
Y Tension increased Y
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Erinjenkins. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €8,32. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
