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Samenvatting Media, Culture and Diversity Communicatiewetenschappen

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Samenvatting Media, Culture and Diversity Communicatiewetenschappen

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  • 30 november 2022
  • 39
  • 2022/2023
  • Samenvatting
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michelledewit
Media, Culture and Diversity – Communicatiewetenschappen
SEMINAR 1 : INTRODUCTION

Election of Miss Belgium 2018

 Angeline Flor Pua

 Chinese-Filipino diasporic background

 backlash Twitter “doesn’t look Belgian”

 othering, degrading, racism bc of digital media spreads more fast + broad (globalization)


STRUCTURAL SEXISM (we almost don’t notice it, because of naturalization) eg. : models as
commodities : objectification
City of Ghent Promotion Campaign (November 2017)
they wanted to fight against homophobic behavior and sexual violence
(+) challenges structural racism, want inclusivity without assimilation
(-) exaggerations, what is the actual effectivity of this campaign?
BOEF
 Sofiane Boussaadia, Netherlands (’93) w Algerian parents
 rocky personal life, popular as an artist
 controversial incident that damaged his reputation badly:


car trouble NYE 2017, on snapchat: “picked up by three kechs.”

 use of “kech” got criticized bc denigrating, sexist to the ladies that helped him
 1st response to this hate: Boef says he called them “kechs” bc they’re wearing short skirts at 8
o’clock in the morning w alcohol in the club > mad criticism/criticism through humor
 3 REACTIONS:
denouncing (it’s structural sexism) > boycot

support (it’s slang, seen out of context) > setting up mediated debates

parody (humor to criticize, satire)

 affirms Boef’s artist persona, image of “superior masculinity”
 apology follows, dude even made an apology video “Antwoord” “we rappers are saying
bitches” and so on, but we really don’t think less of women

#METOO context

 spontaneous, uncontrolled digital movement denouncing sexism in all forms
 singles out individuals, not always addressing structural issues
 ! intersectionalism: ethnic identities and double standards
it’s toxic, to fight sexism for instance w racism (blaming Boef’s sexist language to his roots) -
Bergman and Omari > racial slur: framing sexism as Islam-related, or “typical to hiphop”

,SEMINAR 2 : IDENTITY, DIVERSITY AND POPULAR MEDIA CULTURE: KEY CONCEPT




KEY WORDS: sex and gender identities, ethnic codes and distinctions, labeling, in- and outgroups,
stereotyping, binary thinking (eg. we vs them, othering)

1/ SUBJECTIVITY, IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY

ESSENTIALISM: the belief that certain embodied identities are natural, and biological, assumed to be
ahistorical and universal

<<>> NON-ESSENTIALISM: no prior identities, they are shaped and become meaningful in and
through culture + SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM: performativity (Judith Butler), identities are socially
constructed and vary culturally and historically; room for transhistorical and universal experiences
(subjectivity)

Chris Barker, 2012, SUBJECTIVITY: how we’re (biological and cultural) subjects and experience
ourselves; “the condition of being a person and the processes by which we become a person”

Anthony Giddens, 90s, SELF-IDENTITY: the verbal conceptions (verbalization) of ourselves and our
emotional identification w those self-descriptions

 we sustain a narrative about ourselves, reflective understanding of ourselves in terms of our
own constituted biography
 ongoing and continuing social process
 SOCIALIZATION: process of becoming self-aware gradually, knowledgeable and skilled in the
ways of culture in which he/she is born.
 importance of culture!!! culture shapes social identities
 identity is made up of 2 components: self-description and social ascription
SELF-IDENTITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITY: expectations, images, and opinions that other have of us

Stuart Hall, 90s, CULTURAL IDENTITY

 influence of Marx, feminist and poststructuralist thought
 FRACTURED SUBJECT: people be having various identities: shifting, multiple and
contradictory; identifications are not organized around a “coherent self”
 we do be constructing a “comforting story” or “narrative about the self”

IDENTITY POLITICS

 collective identity to claim agency and act out to change a socio-cultural status quo
 particular contexts, or interests (feminism, queer youth, #metoo) > activism
 Barker talks about “the forging of ‘new languages’” of identities

,Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

 postcolonial feminist scholar claims that these identity politics, or coalitions around identities
are to be called STRATEGIC ESSENTIALISM:
used as a tactic, minority groups can act on the basis of a shared identity to demand rights
 not to be confused with universalism, essentialism!
 we do need to be aware of the existence of differences, disagreements within those groups

2/ ON MEDIA, CULTURE AND DIVERSITY

Raymond Williams: acknowledges that culture is a particular way of life, expressing certain meanings
and values, through art but also learning, and ordinary behavior

culture shows how “people have made sense of the world”

THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION

: is able to maintain (normalize, naturalize) or challenge (change) the cultural status quo

 Stuart Hall writes from own personal experiences
 founded by CCCS (British cultural studies)
 representations are never trivial, neutral or value-free
 duality: hegemony vs. cultural resistance & restrictions: who is encoding, who is the
audience?

3/ STEREOTYPING

Walter Lippman, in the 20s he writes Public Opinion

“we define first, and afterwards ‘see’. we pick out what culture has already predefined for us, so that
we perceive what might have already been stereotyped for us by our culture.”

laziness in stereotyping: it’s exhausting to see in different distinguished types of people, so that’s
why we rely on types and generalities

we’re friends and admire those, who we associate w personalities not types, no need of any
classification

Richard Dyer revisits Lippman

agrees w the economic characteristic of
stereotypes (the forming of a shortcut)

howeverrr, considers its lack in depth:

Lippman doesn’t address the persons,
institutional powers engaging in
stereotyping sufficiently



DYER CRITICIZES LIPPMAN AND EXPLAINS SOME MORE

(1) stereotyping as an act of economy and bringing order:

, but who is doing this, order presented as absolute, fixed and universal

partial truths are presented as whole truths (there’s a gap of experiences taken into account)

attempt at creating hierarchies

(2) a SHORT CUT: result out of power dynamics

picking up cues, traits and linking these to identities > presumed shared norms, values, practices
eg. the dumb blonde, sexy Asians, middle eastern folks are terrorists

(3) “OUR” VALUES AND NORMS

consensus in-group vs out-group and in-group about in-group

bounderies, borders that have to be “protected”

eg. “America first”, Vlaams Belang “eerst onze mensen”, the Village (film)

Lippman: talks about how ppl would feel like they need to protect their “tradition”, and that behind
this fortress of defense, then only, would we feel safe ourselves

IDEOLOGIES CREATE TYPES (TO BE ME PRECISE, TWO)

SOCIAL TYPES:

1. open, flexible; 2. live by the rules of society; 3. charming clichés

eg. the Flemish are humble, all French love eating croissants, Italians are obsessed w coffee

STEROTYPES:

1. rigid, unalterable; 2. rules are designed to exclude ppl; 3. false truths to create fear of “the other”

eg. migrants are disrespectful ppl, gay men are all carriers of hiv

rather WITHIN societies, than between different distant cultures!

according to Dyer, 80s: dominant groups project their norms onto subordinated groups, portray
them ”the other” as sick, inferior etc to reinforce their own sense of legitimacy or superiority

de facto: simple, repetitive, boring

3/ STEREOTYPING IN POPULAR MEDIA CULTURE

Dyer wrote a little sumthing about stereotyping in the 80s

 his claim: social types tend to talk about white, middle class, heterosexuals; whereas
stereotypes tend to be about peeps at the margins of society
 stereotypes aren’t necessarily inaccurate, but shaped + enforced by a majority group

Repercussion in: Sex and the City 2 (2010), Modern Family, Little Britain

STEREOTYPING THROUGH ICONOGRAPHY

: use of certain set of visual and aural signs which immediately bespeak (for instance homosexuality)
and connote the qualities associated, stereotypically, with it > SHORT CUT

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