Samenvatting
Samenvatting Orthopedie
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Dit document bevat alle hoofdstukken van de cursus 'orthopedie'. Dit vak werd gegeven door prof. Degreef.
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1. Samenvatting - Samenvatting traumatologie
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3. Samenvatting - Samenvatting orthopedie
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INHOUD
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Definitie ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Belangrijke etiologische factoren die pathologische veranderingen in beenderen en gewrichten veroorzaken
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Congenitale afwijkingen, vaak genetische aandoeningen ............................................................................ 10
Trauma .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Mechanische oorzaken ................................................................................................................................. 11
Infecties ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Reumatoïde aandoeningen ........................................................................................................................... 11
Degeneratieve aandoeningen ....................................................................................................................... 11
Metabole stoornissen ................................................................................................................................... 11
Endocriene stoornissen ................................................................................................................................. 12
Tumoren ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
Circulatoire stoornissen ................................................................................................................................ 12
Neurologische aandoeningen ....................................................................................................................... 12
Orthopedische behandelprincipes .................................................................................................................... 12
Fysiotherapie/farmacotherapie .................................................................................................................... 12
Infiltraties ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Gips ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Bracing – orthesiologie.................................................................................................................................. 13
Chirurgie ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Hoofdstuk 1: het klinisch onderzoek van de patiënt met orthopedische problemen .......................................... 14
Anamnese ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Klinisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Instrumentarium ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Musculoskeletaal onderzoek ............................................................................................................................ 14
Inspectie ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
Palpatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Gewrichtsmobiliteit....................................................................................................................................... 15
Neurologisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................................... 15
Vasculair onderzoek ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Specifieke tests ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Onderzoek van aanpalende gebieden........................................................................................................... 16
Normale en abnormale gang ............................................................................................................................ 16
Normale gangcyclus ...................................................................................................................................... 16
1
, Bijkomende componenten ............................................................................................................................ 17
Abnormale gang (manken)............................................................................................................................ 17
Bovenste lidmaat: kinematica ........................................................................................................................... 18
Overzicht van de fysiologische assen/bewegingen in de gewrichten – terminologie ...................................... 18
Onbeweeglijke gewrichten ........................................................................................................................... 18
Halfbeweeglijke gewrichten .......................................................................................................................... 19
Beweeglijke gewrichten ................................................................................................................................ 19
Kogel- en bolgewricht ............................................................................................................................... 19
Eivormig/ellipsoïde/condylair gewricht .................................................................................................... 19
Zadelgewricht ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Scharniergewricht (hinge) ......................................................................................................................... 19
Rol- en draaigewricht (pivot)..................................................................................................................... 19
Vlak gewricht ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Asafwijkingen ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Orthopedische terminologie van de gewrichtsmobiliteit ............................................................................. 20
Wervelkolom ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Schouder ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Elleboog..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Pols ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
Vingers ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
Duim .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Heup .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Knie ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
Enkel en voet ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Gemiddelde beweging gewrichten (range of motion – ROM) .......................................................................... 21
Hoofdstuk 2: algemene aandoeningen in orthopedie .......................................................................................... 23
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Calcium en fosfor metabolisme .................................................................................................................... 23
Algemene aandoeningen met orthopedisch impact ......................................................................................... 23
Chronische inflammatoire gewrichtsaandoeningen ..................................................................................... 23
Osteoporose .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Etiologie .................................................................................................................................................... 24
Klinisch beeld ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Bone mineral density (BMD) ..................................................................................................................... 25
Risicofactoren............................................................................................................................................ 25
Preventie ................................................................................................................................................... 25
Behandeling .............................................................................................................................................. 25
2
, Osteomalacie ................................................................................................................................................ 26
Etiologie .................................................................................................................................................... 26
Behandeling .............................................................................................................................................. 26
Osteitis deformans (ziekte van Paget) .......................................................................................................... 27
Pathologie ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Röntgenonderzoek .................................................................................................................................... 27
Klinisch beeld ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Behandeling .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Neurofibromatosis (ziekte van Von Recklinghausen) ................................................................................... 27
Maligne aandoeningen ................................................................................................................................. 28
Histopathologie ......................................................................................................................................... 28
Röntgenonderzoek .................................................................................................................................... 28
Klinisch beeld ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Behandeling en prognose ......................................................................................................................... 29
Aandoeningen van gewrichten ......................................................................................................................... 29
Intrinsieke factoren ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Osteonecrose ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Kraakbeenletsels ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Geïsoleerde kraakbeenletsels – osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) ...................................................... 30
Veralgemeende kraakbeenletsels – artrose ........................................................................................ 31
Extrinsieke factoren ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Artrofibrosis .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Ossificaties (PAO) ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Complex regionaal pijnsyndroom (CRPS) .................................................................................................. 32
Doorbloedingsproblemen in orthopedie .......................................................................................................... 34
Orthopedische aanpak van neurologische letsels ............................................................................................. 34
Primaire diagnose en herstel ........................................................................................................................ 34
Secundair herstel .......................................................................................................................................... 34
Laattijdige orthopedische behandeling coping ............................................................................................. 35
Hoofdstuk 3: infecties van botweefsel en gewrichten .......................................................................................... 36
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................. 36
Infecties van botweefsel ................................................................................................................................... 36
Pyogene osteomyelitis .................................................................................................................................. 36
Hematogene osteomyelitis ....................................................................................................................... 36
Exogene osteomyelitis .............................................................................................................................. 39
Abces van Brodie ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Niet-pyogene osteomyelitis .......................................................................................................................... 40
3
, Cierny-mader classificatie ............................................................................................................................. 40
Infecties van gewrichten ................................................................................................................................... 41
Pyogene artritis ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Tuberculose van locomotorisch stelsel ......................................................................................................... 43
Geïnfecteerde artroplastiek .............................................................................................................................. 44
Spondylodiscitis................................................................................................................................................. 44
Ankylosis ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Oorzaak ......................................................................................................................................................... 45
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................. 46
Preventief .................................................................................................................................................. 46
Fibreuze ankylose ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Benige ankylose......................................................................................................................................... 46
Inflammatoire aandoeningen ........................................................................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 4: aandoening van de rug .................................................................................................................... 47
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Functionele anatomie ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Triage ................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Rode vlaggen ................................................................................................................................................. 48
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Ruggerelateerd.......................................................................................................................................... 48
Gele vlaggen .................................................................................................................................................. 49
Presentatie ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
Acute lage rugpijn ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Chronische lage rugpijn ................................................................................................................................. 50
Radiculopathie – ischias .................................................................................................................................... 51
Symptomatologie .......................................................................................................................................... 51
Cauda-equina syndroom ............................................................................................................................... 52
Spinaalstenose – neurogene claudicatio....................................................................................................... 52
Behandeling radiculopathie .......................................................................................................................... 53
Algemeen klinisch onderzoek van rugpatiënt ................................................................................................... 53
Inspectie ........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Palpatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 54
Technische onderzoeken .................................................................................................................................. 55
Elektromyografie (EMG)................................................................................................................................ 55
Röntgenonderzoek ........................................................................................................................................ 55
Differentiaaldiagnose van enkele rode vlaggen ................................................................................................ 56
Infectie .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
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