Contents
1. Introductie: wat zijn media-effecten? ........................................................................................ 6
1.1. Doelen van de wetenschap ................................................................................................ 6
1.2. Hoe worden die doelen bereikt? ......................................................................................... 6
1.2.1. Theorie ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Falisifieerbaarheid (= je moet op voorhand kunnen zeggen welke bevindingen ervoor
zorgen dat de hypothese fout is)................................................................................................ 6
1.2.3. Creativiteit ................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.4. Generaliseerbaarheid .................................................................................................. 7
1.2.5. Objectieve waarheid ontdekken .................................................................................. 7
1.2.6. Sceptisch blijven .......................................................................................................... 7
1.3. Toekomst van media-effecten onderzoek........................................................................... 7
2. Agenda setting .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Waarover we denken ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Historische context ............................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1. 425 latere studies (ZOEK ZELF HIER EEN VOORBEELD VOOR EXAMEN:
waterprijzen, baby Pia) .............................................................................................................. 9
2.3. Acapulco typology ............................................................................................................. 9
2.4. Hoe we denken over (tweede niveau: kenmerken) ............................................................ 10
2.5. Need for orientation (NFO) ............................................................................................... 10
2.6. Consequenties van agendasetting .................................................................................... 11
2.7. Who sets the agenda......................................................................................................... 11
3. Framing .................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1. Disciplinaire oorsprong ..................................................................................................... 11
3.2. Frames en verwante, maar andere processen ................................................................... 12
3.3. Framing in communicatieonderzoek ................................................................................. 14
3.3.1. Framing in afhankelijke benadering .......................................................................... 14
3.3.2. Framing als onafhankelijke variabele: frame setting.................................................. 14
3.4. Applicability vertelt niet het hele verhaal! ......................................................................... 15
3.5. Problemen ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.6. Overzicht van hoofdstuk ................................................................................................... 17
4. Framing toepassing .................................................................................................................. 18
4.1. A content analytical study on celebrities, influencers and athlethes’ political content on
Instagram ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1. Background .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2. Youth and famous figures.......................................................................................... 18
4.1.3. Theoretical framework ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1
, 4.1.4. What is political? .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.5. Methods .................................................................................................................... 19
4.1.6. Results.......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.7. Conclusion .................................................................................................................20
4.2. Instagram Influencers as Superwomen: Influencers’ Lifestyle Presentations Observed
Through Framing Analysis ............................................................................................................ 21
4.2.1. Achtergrond .............................................................................................................. 21
4.2.2. Onderzoeksdoel ........................................................................................................ 21
4.2.3. Methode.................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.4. Resultaten ................................................................................................................. 21
4.2.5. Discussie.................................................................................................................... 23
4.3. Framing in advertenties met niet-geïdealiseerde modellen .............................................. 23
4.3.1. Theoretische achtergrond rond niet-geïdealiseerde modellen .................................. 23
4.3.2. Hoe framing bij niet-geïdealiseerde modellen te onderzoeken .................................24
5. Cultivaltietheorie ......................................................................................................................25
5.1. Growing up with television ................................................................................................ 25
5.1.1. Televisie in de maatschappij ......................................................................................25
5.1.2. Methoden van cultivatie analyse .............................................................................. 26
5.1.3. Resultaten uit cultivatieonderzoek ............................................................................ 27
5.1.4. Hoe werkt het? .......................................................................................................... 27
5.1.5. Keywords binnen cultivatie .......................................................................................28
5.1.6. Internationale cultivatie ............................................................................................28
5.1.7. Recente (?) resultaten uit cultivatie-onderzoek .........................................................28
5.1.8. Cultivatie en het digitale tijdperk .............................................................................. 29
5.2. Social Cognitive Process model toegepast op cultivatie ................................................... 29
5.2.1. Cognitive Process Models ......................................................................................... 29
5.2.2. Social cognition theory .............................................................................................. 30
5.2.3. Wat zijn de gevolgen van verhoogde toegankelijkheid .............................................. 31
5.2.4. Studies rond cognitieve processen ............................................................................ 32
5.2.5. First order model ....................................................................................................... 32
5.2.6. Kleine effecten in cultivatie-onderzoek ..................................................................... 34
5.2.7. Second order model .................................................................................................. 35
6. Priming theory .......................................................................................................................... 36
6.1. Priming is… ....................................................................................................................... 36
6.2. Twee centrale priming domeinen...................................................................................... 36
6.3. Modellen die priming uitleggen ........................................................................................ 38
6.3.1. Violence .................................................................................................................... 39
6.3.2. Politiek ...................................................................................................................... 39
2
, 6.4. Mental models ..................................................................................................................40
7. Uses and Gratifications theory .................................................................................................. 41
7.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................ 41
7.1.1. Recap ........................................................................................................................ 41
7.1.2. Context: Uses & Gratifications Theory ....................................................................... 41
7.1.3. Psychologisch perspectief ......................................................................................... 41
7.1.4. Functionele benadering ............................................................................................. 41
7.2. Uses- and gratifications paradigma ...................................................................................42
8. Elaboration likelihoud ...............................................................................................................42
8.1. Attitudes ...........................................................................................................................42
8.1.1. Communication/persuasion matrix model ................................................................. 43
8.1.2. Cognitieve response theory ....................................................................................... 43
8.2. Elaboration likelihood model ........................................................................................... 44
8.2.1. Centrale route .......................................................................................................... 44
8.2.2. Perifere route ............................................................................................................45
8.2.3. Assumpties ................................................................................................................45
8.2.4. Commentaar: dezelfde elementen kunnen verschillende rollen spelen .................... 48
9. Social Cognitive en Learning Theory........................................................................................ 49
9.1.1. In het kort uitgelegd ................................................................................................. 49
9.2. Agentic perspective ......................................................................................................... 49
9.3. Mechanismen van observational learning .........................................................................50
9.4. Abstract modeling ............................................................................................................50
9.5. Motivational effects van observational learning ................................................................ 50
9.6. Implicaties voor methode ................................................................................................. 51
9.7. Dual link versus Multipattern flow of influence.................................................................. 51
9.8. Media-effecten en SCT ..................................................................................................... 51
9.9. De toekomst van SCT........................................................................................................ 51
9.10. Take away .....................................................................................................................52
10. Individuele verschillen & third person effect .........................................................................52
10.1. Individuele verschillen .......................................................................................................52
10.1.1. Enjoyment/emotionele respons op media .................................................................52
10.1.2. Media als expressie van individuele verschillen .......................................................... 53
10.1.3. Selectieve blootstelling aan en perceptie van mediaboodschappen .......................... 53
10.1.4. Individuele verschillen en effecten op de kijker/gebruiker ......................................... 53
10.2. Third-person effect (zie hoofdstuk 12)...........................................................................54
10.2.1. Onderzoek ................................................................................................................54
10.2.2. Bestaat dit effect echt?.............................................................................................. 54
10.2.3. Verklarende mechanismen ........................................................................................54
3
, 10.2.4. Is het effect conditioneel ........................................................................................... 55
10.2.5. Komt het bij iedereen voor? ...................................................................................... 55
10.2.6. Wat zijn de gevolgen?................................................................................................ 55
11. Onderzoeksmethoden in media-effecten onderzoek ............................................................ 55
11.1. Korte recap ....................................................................................................................... 55
11.2. Onderzoeksmethoden in media-effecten onderzoek ........................................................ 55
11.2.1. Inhoudsanalyse (= describe) ......................................................................................56
11.2.2. Survey (= onderzoek naar MENSEN) .........................................................................56
11.2.3. Experiment ................................................................................................................58
12. Effecten van digitale games (NEGATIEF EFFECTEN) ............................................................59
12.1. Gamegeweld & agressie....................................................................................................59
12.2. Gameverslaving ........................................................................................................... 60
12.2.1. Verslaving aan games ............................................................................................... 60
12.2.2. TedxTalk ‘gameverslaving’ ........................................................................................ 61
12.3. Seksuele game-inhoud...................................................................................................... 61
12.3.1. Theoretische perspectieven – seksuele objectivering ................................................ 61
12.3.2. Theoretische perspectieven – Zelfobjectivering ........................................................ 61
12.3.3. Seksuele gamecultuur en –inhouden ........................................................................ 62
12.4. Stereotypes in games ................................................................................................... 62
12.4.1. TV-sitcoms & stereotypes ......................................................................................... 63
12.4.2. Games – stereotype representaties ........................................................................... 63
12.4.3. Games – Afro-Amerikaanse representaties ............................................................... 63
12.4.4. Games – Arabische representaties ............................................................................ 63
12.4.5. Games – Italiaanse representaties ............................................................................ 64
12.4.6. Effecten van stereotyperende game-inhouden ........................................................ 64
13. Effecten van digitale games (POSITIEVE EFFECTEN) .......................................................... 64
13.1. Domein 1: “Cognitieve voordelen” ................................................................................... 64
13.2. Domein 2: “Motivationele voordelen” ...............................................................................65
13.3. Domein 3: “Emotionele voordelen” ...................................................................................65
13.4. Domein 4: “Sociale voordelen”..........................................................................................65
13.5. Hedonische ervaringen .....................................................................................................65
13.6. Eudaimonische ervaringen ............................................................................................... 66
13.6.1. Narratief ................................................................................................................... 66
13.6.2. Mechanics ................................................................................................................ 66
13.6.3. Sociale context .......................................................................................................... 67
13.6.4. Studies ...................................................................................................................... 67
13.6.5. Effecten .................................................................................................................... 69
14. Gastcollege: jongeren en geseksualiseerde media ............................................................... 69
4
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper miratate. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,79. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.