In dit bestand vind je een uitgebreide samenvatting van de stof die je moet kennen voor het tweede deeltentamen van cognitive neuroscience aan de universiteit van Utrecht. Alle hoorcolleges worden in deze samenvatting behandeld en moeilijke termen zijn extra toegelicht.
Samenvatting IPB Emotie en Taal (H10 & H12 Purves)
Samenvatting IPB Executieve functies (H13 Purves)
Samenvatting IPB Aandacht en Geheugen (H6 & H8 Purves)
Alles voor dit studieboek (74)
Geschreven voor
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Psychologie
Cognitive Neurosciences (200300074)
Alle documenten voor dit vak (12)
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Ontvangen beoordelingen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
This summary consists:
Lecture 8 – memory: varieties and mechanisms
Lecture 9 – Declarative memory
Lecture 10 – Emotion
Lecture 11 – Social cognition
Lecture 12 - Language
Lecture 13 – Executive Function
Lecture 14 – decision making
Lecture 15 – evolution
Lecture 8 – memory: varieties and mechanisms
The case of H.M.
Severe epilepsy → couldn’t work
- Removed much of temporal lobe
- Helped with seizure but memory deficit
Impaired in memory functions
- Not impaired in other cc domains
Memory deficits generalized to all kind of info and to all sensory modalities
- Unable to remember post-surgery events
Declarative memory very impaired but working memory intact
- Memory deficits limited to tasks requiring memory of events and
facts
- His problems did not affect memories expressed through
performance (motor skills)
- → didn’t remember having done this task before, but still improved
with trails
→ Made clear the critical importance of the medial temporal regions in
certain types of memory
→ memories associated with consciousness depend on medial temporal
lobe regions
→ Memories expressed through behavior are independent of these regions
Memory phases, processes, systems and tasks
Memory → series of processes whereby the nervous system acquires
information from new experiences, retains this information over time and
uses it to guide behavior and plan future actions.
There are three basic memory phases shared by all forms of memory:
, 1. Encoding → processes whereby experiences can alter the nervous
system. These alterations (= memory traces) involve primarily
changes in the strength and/or number of synaptic connections
between neurons
2. Storage → retention of memory traces, which may lead to a
change in behavior. It is sometimes associated with the conscious of
remembering.
3. Learning → synonym of encoding OR can also describe gradual
changes in behavior as a function in training.
Short-term memory = working memory → mediates the maintenance
and manipulation of info online for a few seconds/minutes
Long-term memory systems →
1. Declarative (explicit) memory
o Conscious memory for events (episodic)
o Conscious memory for facts (semantic)
2. Non-declarative (implicit) memory
o Memories that are expressed through performance
independently of consciousness
Nondeclarative memory
NDM: expressed through performance, independent of conscious
awareness
- Is evidenced by changed behavior (even if the person is unaware
that memories from past experience are being accessed)
Three major forms of NDM = very different from each other despite
shared properties:
1. Priming = change in the processing of a stimulus due to a previous
encounter with the same or a related stimulus (e.g., completing a
word fragment with a previously read word)
2. Skill learning → gradual improvement in performance due to
repeated practice
3. Conditioning → simple responses to association between stimuli
→ whereas priming can result from a single encounter with a stimulus,
skill learning requires repeated learning trails. Conditioning involves
learning trials, but simpler responses and associations.
Forms of priming
1. Direct priming → prime and target stimuli are the same
o Perceptual priming: test cue and target = perceptually
related (word fragment completion test)
, o Conceptual priming: test cue and target are semantically or
associatively related (generating words in response to the cue
‘papeterie’, including the target word ‘envelope’)
2. Indirect priming → prime and target are different. Main form:
semantic priming (prime and target are semantically related, ex:
envelope and letter)
Habituation and sensization
Habituation = reduced response when the same stim is repeated over
and over
Sensitization = increased response to the habituated stim when it is
paired with an aversive stim (a shock to the animal’s tail).
Lecture 9 – Declarative memory
Basic concepts and assumptions
Different types of declarative memory: each one defined by conscious
memory for events vs. facts and by qualities associated with those events
and facts
- Memory for events = episodic memory
o Memories of events that an individual has experienced
personally in a specific place and at a specific time (episode)
o Ex: remembering listening to reggae music in the living room
last Sunday
- Memory for facts = semantic memory
o Knowledge about the world that individuals share with other
members of their culture (including knowledge of native
language and facts learned in school)
o Ex: knowing that reggae is a popular style of Jamaican music
characterized by syncopated rhythm
- Autobiographical memory = complex mixture of episodic and
semantic memory (= memory of the events of our own life)
Episodic memory has two additional categories: recollection and
familiarity
- Recollection = memories of a past event that include specific
associations and contextual details
- Familiarity = refers to the sense that we experienced an event at
some point in the past, even though no specific associations or
contextual details come to mind
o Ex familiarity without recollection: seeing a person’s face and
knowing that you have seen that person before but unable to
remember any specific previous encounter or info about the
person such as their name.
, A simple neurological model of encoding, storage and retrieval
Damage to the medial temporal lobe → impaired declarative memory
but spared NDM (such as priming and skill learning)
- Why are medial temporal lobe regions critical for DM? they store
pointers to the location of memory traces that were stored in
the cortex during their formation
- How do different brain regions contribute to encoding, storage and
retrieval phase? → following
Encoding phase: different aspects of events = stored in the same
regions that are involved in perceiving the event
- Memory traces consist of alterations in the synapses
o Simultaneous access to all these traces (to remember an
event) can be accomplished because of the hippocampus
stores summery of the whole event with pointers to the
locations of the traces distributed over de cortex.
- In sum, in the encoding of the DM, two types are created:
distributed cortical traces and hippocampal indices.
Storage phase: some memory traces are strengthened and become long
lasting (consolidation), whereas other memories are lost.
- Assumption that some memories are lost during storage = difficult
to prove in complex organisms because cannot be retrieved = does
not exist. The memory may be available but not accessible.
o However, some animal models suggest that some memories
do become lost.
Retrieval phase: triggered by a retrieval cue (piece of info associated
with an aspect of the original event)
- retrieval queues may be external or internal and the retrieval
process may be voluntary or involuntary
o Seeing a person (external cue) who recently had a party →
involuntary retrieval
o Try to remember the party (voluntary retrieval) by
generating an image of the house (internal cue)
o episodic memory tests in the lab: cues are typically external
(word house provided) and retrieval is usually voluntary
(trying to recall the word that was paired with house)
Recent memories: access to cortical traces = mediated by the
hippocampus
- the retrieval cue accesses hippocampal index, which leads to
access of the distributed cortical memory traces, and in turn to
the space of the original event.
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