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CPCE/NCE Exam. JMAYY, Exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+ Behaviorism - Theorists - -John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F. Skinner. Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages - -Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to...

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  • 17 februari 2023
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  • ivan pavlov
  • joseph wolpe
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  • exam questions with accurate answers
  • rated a behaviorism theorists john b watson
  • and b f skinner erik eriksons eight psychosocial st

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CPCE/NCE Exam. JMAYY, Exam
Questions with accurate answers, rated
A+

Behaviorism - Theorists - ✔✔-John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F. Skinner.



Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages - ✔✔-Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½ years); autonomy
versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years); industry versus inferiority
(6 to 11 years): identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years);
generativity versus stagnation (35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and beyond).



Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic Epistemology) - ✔✔-Theory:
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational (2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years); and
Formal Operations (11/ 12 to 16).



Assimilation/Adaptation - ✔✔-When the individual fits information into existing ideas. (reinforces
beliefs)



Accommodation - ✔✔-Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information. (changes beliefs)



Conservation - ✔✔-The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the
appearance of an object changes.



Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model - ✔✔-model emphasizes the impact of interpersonal
interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality throughout lifespan; meaning making; Kegan
suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal,
institutional, and interindividual.



Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development - ✔✔-Each level has two stages:
preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences; conventional level— a desire to conform
to socially acceptable rules; postconventional level— self-accepted moral principles guide behavior.

,Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women - ✔✔-Gilligan's 1982 book In a Different Voice
illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring
and compassion.



Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory - ✔✔-In a 1978 classic book titled The Seasons of a
Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's lives throughout the lifespan. The four key eras
include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.



Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) - ✔✔-zone of proximal development



William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/ College Students
(dualistic thinking) - ✔✔-Dualism in which students view the truth as either right or wrong. Relativism is
the notion that a perfect answer may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions. Commitment
to relativism— in this final stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel facts
and new points of view.



James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development - ✔✔-Stage 0
undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4 years); Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith (2 to 7 years,
early childhood); mythic-literal faith (childhood and beyond); synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence
and beyond) a stage of conformity); individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond);
conjunctive faith (midthirties and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation
of symbols and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) few reach this stage of
enlightenment.



Ethnocentrism - ✔✔-means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups
are measured



Emic versus etic - ✔✔-In the emic approach the counselor helps the client understand his or her culture.
In the etic approach the counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as being the
same.



autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma - ✔✔-Autoplastic implies that the counselor helps the client change to
cope with his or her environment. Alloplastic occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the
environment.

, Social comparison theory - ✔✔-Popularized by early research conducted by Leon Festinger, simply
postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others.



The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (R/ CID) aka the
Minority Identity Model - ✔✔-(1) Conformity (lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor
from the dominant culture); (2) Dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority
group); (3) Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture);
(4) Introspection (mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's own racial/
ethnic group) and (5) Synergetic Articulation and Awareness (stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers
a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/
ethnicity, but has different beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never
progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go backward.



Abreaction - ✔✔-violent cathartic reaction



Abscissa - ✔✔-x-coordinate



Absolutist thinking/musterbations - ✔✔-Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds, oughts, and musts"



APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992) - ✔✔-American Personnel and Guidance Association (National
Vocational Guidance Association fused into)> American Association for Counseling and Development >
American Counseling Association



Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner - ✔✔-Psychodynamic Family Therapy



Acquiescence - ✔✔-when the client always agrees with something



Acquisition period - ✔✔-time is takes to learn or acquire a behavior



Applied/Action/experience-near research - ✔✔-advance our knowledge of how skills, theories, and
techniques can be used in practical application

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