College aantekeningen
International Development Lecture Notes (Lectures 1-14) - GRADE 7,5
- Vak
- Instelling
Notes on the lectures from the course (2023) International Development. INCLUDES notes from lectures 1-14 (Total: 44 pages).
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 44 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 44 pagina's
In winkelwagen
In winkelwagen
3 beoordelingen
Door: connorvanderheijden • 1 jaar geleden
Door: giacomoef • 1 jaar geleden
Thank you, good luck with the exams!
Door: tariksmaaili • 1 jaar geleden
Door: belannavandamme • 1 jaar geleden
Door: giacomoef • 1 jaar geleden
Thank you for the review. Was there anything that could be improved on?
Verkoper
Volgen
giacomoef
Ontvangen beoordelingen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Notes on the lectures from the course (2023) International Development. INCLUDES notes fromlectures 1-14 (Total: 44 pages).
International Development Lecture Notes (Lectures 1-14)
Table of Contents
Lecture 1: What is Development? 1
Lecture 2: Geography 4
Lecture 3: Institutions 6
Lecture 4: The Role of the State 9
Lecture 5: Culture & History 13
Lecture 6: Why Good Policies aren’t Implemented 16
Lecture 7: Importing the Rules - Does aid do more harm than good? 19
Lecture 8: Breaking the Rules - Clientelism & Corruption 22
Lecture 9: Resisting the Rules - Vested Interests & Identities 24
Lecture 10: Accountability 28
Lecture 11: Collective Action 30
Lecture 12: Representation 33
Lecture 13: Leadership & Coalitions 36
Lecture 14: Review 39
, 1
Lecture 1: What is Development?
1. Introduction
Politics: How public decisions are made (“who gets what, when, how” Lasswell).
2. What is development?
Development = many definitions, NO consensus.
Modernisation Theory: Progress in society is about a single, linear transition (top-down) from the
same “traditions start to the same ‘modern’ end” (correlation/cluster of changes).
➔ Increasing GDP per capita, education, urbanisation (“all good things change together”).
Subjective Development: Bottom-up perspective that is culturally specific (‘voices of the poor’).
Development is perceived & valued differently in varying societies (necessary for survival vs. savings
for additional means).
➔ ‘Freedoms’ let people choose what they value.
➔ E.g., “what one shouldn’t lack is the sheep, what one cannot live without is food grain”
(China).
Development as Freedom (Sen, 1992)
Freedom = respects different cultures/people’s choices that can still be used to measure/compare across
other societies as well.
Freedom to do what? What limits freedom?
1. Participate in politics. ● Poverty, lack of opportunities,
2. Engage in economic transactions. state restrictions, etc..
3. Social opportunities through education & healthcare.
4. Transparency during interactions.
5. Security of life.
Why freedom?
1. Intrinsic reason = freedom matters in itself.
2. Instrumental reason = freedoms help promote/achieve other freedoms (e.g., democracy prevents
famine, BUT also matters for political freedom in itself).
Development is about Complementarities, NOT trade-offs (= modernisation theory). BUT ‘freedoms’ let
people choose what they value (= subjective development):
1. NOT just ‘freedom from’ interference = libertarianism, negative freedom (what I can do, where NO
one can stop me).
➔ BUT Freedom as Capabilities = opportunities, positive freedom (what I can achieve).
◆ E.g., the capability to live a long life.
2. NOT just about income (NOT all ends can be bought), needs vary = resources are converted into
capabilities.
3. NOT about what people do with their Freedoms/Capabilities (people choose specific
functionings).
, 2
How do we choose which Capabilities/Freedoms matter?
● For Sen, this is what democracy is for, BUT Sen still proposes 5 Freedoms.
○ How do we ‘choose’ for countries under authoritarianism?
● NOT normative question → politics is the conflict between people who value different dimensions
of development.
● Different development aspects matter differently to each of us (everyone is faced with different
circumstances/needs).
Sustainable Development: Development that meets the present’s needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
➔ Strong sustainability = natural capital
does NOT fall.
➔ Weak sustainability = sum of natural +
physical (produced & human) capital
does NOT fall.
◆ Since the physical > natural
capital = “sustainable”.
➔ Are continued economic growth & environmental sustainability compatible?
◆ ‘Development’ route to sustainability:
● Rapid technological innovation will help
us solve problems like climate change.
● Wealth & education reduce fertility,
reducing environmental pressures
(Kuznets curve).
● HOWEVER, this depends on the pressures.
◆ ‘Sustainability’ route to development:
● Tackling environmental challenges will stimulate new innovations &
investments.
● Conserving assets improves their productivity.
● Avoiding climate stresses prevents conflict & boosts yields.
➔ The question is: who is it sustainable for?
The Development Dictionary (Sachs, 2010)
Post-development critiques:
, 3
1. ‘Development’ discourse = harmful → creates a Western as developed hierarchy & the rest as
‘underdeveloped’.
➔ “Poverty is a myth, a construct & the invention of a particular Western civilisation.”
➔ Rejects modernisation theory = we are NOT travelling in the same direction (more is NOT
always better).
2. ‘Development’ is an imposition of power & hierarchy (Cold War & post-colonialism ‘weapon’).
➔ Development as ‘planned/managed poverty’ = a top-down, ethnocentric, technocratic
approach resulting in Westernisation & eradication of diversity.
3. ‘Development’ has failed on its terms (rising inequality, delusions, failures, have been steady
companions of development).
4. ‘Development’ is an industry of self-interested actors (governments, NGOs, BINGOs, for-profit
companies, Foundations), reliant on the continuation of poverty (government contracts, markets).
3. How do we measure development?
Measurement challenges:
● Development = multidimensional, frequent.
● Lack of data collection capacity in the countries that matter the most.
● Representative data on the most vulnerable is challenging.
● Hard to attribute progress to specific policies when many things change at the same time.
Methods:
1. Human Development Index (HDI): Balances education, health, income indicators equally,
but measures them individually.
2. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): % of
people who are poor in ⅓ of the indicators.
Looks at the data for poverty distribution at
an individual level.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper giacomoef. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €13,99. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 76710 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen