Exam Questions And Answers for Crime And Deviance
Not in full sentences , laid out with PEEEL.
clearly separated points evidence explanations , evaluation etc.
,‘2 ways in which deviant subcultures may respond to the difficulties of achieving mainstream goals.’
P: one way deviant subcultures may respond to difficulties of achieving mainstream goals is through status frus
and reactive delinquent subculture.
E/E: Cohen argue w/c youth believe in success goals of mainstream culture but experiences of failure in educati
in deprived areas and having the worst chances in the job market mean they have little opportunity to attain th
means they experience status frustration as they cannot attain social status. Due to the youth being of w/c statu
may be labelled and streamed within the education system negatively and this enhances their status frustration
them to believe that they will not be able to attain success as they are of a low status.
E/E: furthermore, Cohen further states that young males adopt an alternate status hierarchy that subverts the n
and values of society and sees deviance such as vandalism, stealing and intimidation as desirable behaviour bec
they cant achieve the mainstream goals of society.
E: however, miller suggests w/c delinquents never rejected mainstream values in the first place. They always ha
independent subculture.
L:
,‘2 ways in which deviant subcultures may respond to the difficulties of achieving mainstream goals.’
P: another way in which deviant subcultures may respond to the difficulties of achieving mainstream goals is th
varied social circumstances in which w/c youth live giving rise to different types of deviant subcultures.
EE: Item A also refers to young people ‘living in a deprived or unstable neighbourhood’ and
this impacts on their opportunities for achieving mainstream goals. Cloward and Ohlin sug
that young males are presented with illegitimate opportunities in their neighbourhoods w
mainstream education system fails to provide them with a legitimate route to success. Th
suggested that in neighbourhoods with a long established criminal subculture, young mal
often offered an apprenticeship in crime, starting at a low level of a criminal organisation
being given the opportunity to progress through the ranks of organised crime.
EE: furthermore Cloward and Ohlin state that living in ‘unstable neighbourhoods’ present
people with an opportunity to join a conflict subculture. These are typically less organised
criminal subcultures and arise in areas where there is a fragmented community or no hist
organised criminal activity. They tend to be involved in violence towards rival gangs and fig
turf, although in contemporary times this has evolved to controlling the drugs trade in areas of deprivation. The
conflict subcultures give young people who are denied opportunities to achieve mainstream goals an alternate
gaining either status and/or financial rewards.
E: however, the differences between the types of deviant subcultures are exaggerated and they overlap for exa
criminal subculture can be seen in conflict subculture such as theft.
L:
, ‘outline three function that crime and deviance may perform’. (6)
P: one function is strengthening collective values.
E: the social reaction to crime and deviance by media sprks public outrage which makes people reassess bounda
acceptable behaviour.
P: another function is enabling social change.
E: this means that some deviance is necessary to allow new ideas to develop and enable society to change and p
P: crime acts as a warning device to show society is not working.
E: for example, drug addiction, high rates of suicide and divorce may point to underlying social problems that ne
solving.
P: another function is that crime acts as a safety valve.
E: deviance releases stresses in society for example mass violent protests might be seen as a way to express disc
avoiding wider and serious challenges to social order.
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