NUR 3125 MODULE 1: CELLULAR, TISSUE FUNCTION AND GENES,100% CORRECT
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NUR 3125
NUR 3125 MODULE 1: CELLULAR, TISSUE FUNCTION AND GENES
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL
Function of the cell
• Structure
o Plasma Membrane: (semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer, embedded proteins)
o Nucleus: DNA & RNA (genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm with the double la...
NUR 3125 MODULE 1: CELLULAR, TISSUE FUNCTION AND GENES
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CELL
Function of the cell
• Structure
o Plasma Membrane: (semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer, embedded proteins)
o Nucleus: DNA & RNA (genetic material is separated from the
cytoplasm with the double layer nuclear membrane which contains
pores); the mRNA goes through these pores into the cytoplasm to
make proteins in the ribosomes
o Cytoplasm & Organelles
▪ Ribosomes: (freely found in the cytoplasm and bounded to the rough ER)
▪ Endoplasmic Reticulum: (rough – ribosomes attached – and smooth)
▪ Golgi Apparatus: (helps make proteins, and packages them to send)
▪ Mitochondria: (undergoes cellular respiration to provide
energy in the form of ATP to the cell by using oxygen and
nutrients)
▪ Microtubules: (part of the cytoskeleton of the cell)
Eukaryotic Cell (Humans; Differs from prokaryotes in being bigger in size and
having membrane- bound organelles)
• Principal cytoplasmic organelles
o Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
o Endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesis of protein, transport, and synthesis of lipids
o Golgi apparatus: Processing and packaging of proteins
o Lysosomes: Digesting cellular substances
o Mitochondria: Cellular respiration to produce ATP
o Cytoskeleton: “bones and muscle” of the cells.
8 Cellular Functions
• Specialized through differentiation or maturation (All of the cells in our
body have the same DNA, but have different functions and look differently
(depending on the tissues of where they are located in) and they will
express different proteins and will not express other proteins)
o Movement: muscle cells generate forces
o Conductivity: nerve cells to produce an electrical potential
(creates an action potential to send signals from neurons to
muscles)
o Secretion: mucous glands cells
o Excretion: all cells can rid themselves of waste products (i.e., CO2, H20)
o Metabolic absorption: all cells can take in and use nutrients
,o Respiration: all cells absorb oxygen (+ glucose) and transform
nutrients into energy (ATP). Cell respiration (by aerobic); Oxidation
(reaction in which glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced)
o Reproduction: most cells can grow tissue or replace cells
, o Communication: all cells - vital to survive
Cell Metabolism
• Energy metabolism: Chemical tasks of maintaining cellular functions.
o Anabolism: E-using process; build molecules (AA’s - building blocks of proteins)
o Catabolism: E-releasing process; break down; converts
carbohydrates, fats & proteins into energy needed for cell
function.
• ATP: major source of cellular energy
• Aerobic Metabolism: presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic Metabolism: lack of oxygen
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
• Passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED)
o Diffusion: Movement of solutes from area of high concentration to area of low
concentration (down the concentration gradient). Does not need energy.
▪ Passive Diffusion: Substance diffuses across the plasma
membrane (i.e., oxygen, alcohol, CO2, and more). No protein
needed for transportation. Diffusion stops when there is an
equal concentration of molecules in area
▪ Facilitated Diffusion: A membrane protein facilitates
diffusion (i.e., glucose, since it is such a large
molecule)
• Osmosis: The movement of water down a concentration gradient (NO ENERGY
NEEDED)
o Occurs across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water
concentration to a region of lower concentration. (SCENARIO: There
are solutes in a container of water molecules which are divided by a
semi-permeable membrane. There are more solutes on one side of
the membrane making the [water] on that side low versus the lesser
number of solutes on the other side, making the [water] on that side
high. Via osmosis, the water molecules will go from the [high water]
to the [low water] to balance the [water] on both sides. This can/may
result in unequal water molecules on either side of the membrane,
but it will result in equal [water].
• Active transport: (ATP ENERGY NEEDED) – ATP breaks down into ADP and Phosphate
ion
o Transportation of a molecule across a plasma membrane against (or up) its
concentration gradient ([low] to [high]). Always need energy and a
membrane protein. Very important as it regulates the enzyme
(Na+/K+ ATPase pump) is in every cell in our body and will help us
maintain our Na+/K+ levels (at same time)
▪ Na+ is an ion that is more abundant in the extracellular
compartment and the pump will still move more Na+ (OUT) in
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