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OCR A level PE revision notes - Biomechanics
- Vak
- Instelling
- Boek
This document provides notes for the Biomechanics part of paper 1 - physiological factors affecting performance. Hope you find these useful.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 17 pagina's
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Describe Newton\'s 1st law of inertia
Antwoord: Newton’s first law states that an object will remain at rest or at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. A sporting example is a golf ball on a tee at rest, the golf ball is at rest on tee until acted upon by the force of a golf club (external force). The greater the mass of the golf ball, the higher the inertia of the golf ball.
2.
Inertia
Antwoord: Inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
3.
Newton\'s 2nd law of acceleration
Antwoord: Newton’s second law of acceleration indicates that the larger the force applied onto a body, the higher the acceleration of that body. For example, Roger Federer applying a large force onto a tennis ball when serving means that the tennis ball will travel with higher acceleration. Thus having more pace and making the serve harder to return. However, the force of the tennis ball is dependant on the mass of the tennis ball because Force = Mass x Acceleration. A higher tennis ball at the same acceleration will result in a higher force.
4.
Newton\'s 3rd law of action and reaction
Antwoord: Newton’s third law states that for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction. For example, a 100m sprinter applies a large force from his foot into the ground and the ground produces an equal and opposite reaction force back onto the 100m sprinter’s foot.
5.
Force
Antwoord: A push or pull that alters state of motion
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Describe limb kinaematics
Antwoord: Limb kinematics is the study of movement of limbs in relation to space and time, it uses body markers and multiple cameras from different angles to map body during movement. Specialist computer software can then use footage from cameras to create a 3D image of movement.
2.
Pros of limb kinaematics
Antwoord: Data is accurate and valid for analysis. It gives good detail about technique. It can be used to analyse the technique of a specific limb.
3.
Cons of limb kinaematics
Antwoord: Specialist equipment is very expensive and technical. Accuracy is dependant on marker placement. Some movements can’t be analysed effectively enough. The mathematical process doesn’t consider psychological and physiological makeup.
4.
Force plates
Antwoord: Force plates are metal plates sunk into the ground electrically connected to the a computer, when an object or limb contacts the plate an electrical output is generated and converted into a graph on the computer. On the computer, size, time and direction of forces are showed. This allows reaction forces to be measured (Fx, Fy and Fx).
5.
Pros of limb kinaematics
Antwoord: Data is immediate and accurate Useful for gait analysis of a performer
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Levers
Antwoord: rigid structures that move joints
2.
Components of a lever
Antwoord: load, effort and a fulcrum
3.
Mechanical advantage
Antwoord: A mechanical advantage means that the effort arm is longer than the load arm, therefore larger loads can be lifted
4.
Mechanical disadvantage
Antwoord: a mechanical disadvantage means that the load arm is longer than the effort arm. This means that heavy loads cannot be lifted.
5.
1st class lever
Antwoord: Load - Fulcrum - Effort
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Linear motion
Antwoord: movement of a body in a straight or curved line, where all body parts are moving at the same speed, direction or time. Linear motion is caused by an external force being applied through the CoM of an object.
2.
Linear motion descriptors
Antwoord: Acceleration Velocity Speed Distance Displacement
3.
Acceleration
Antwoord: the rate of change in velocity, measured in m/s2 Acceleration = ∆velocity/time
4.
Velocity
Antwoord: rate of change in displacement, measured in m/s Velocity = displacement/time
5.
Distance
Antwoord: Length of path taken from start to finish, measured in Metres Distance = Speed x time
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Angular motion
Antwoord: movement of a body in a circular motion around its principle axis of rotation, angular motion is caused by an external force being applied outside the CoM of a body.
2.
Axes of rotation
Antwoord: Transverse Frontal Longitudinal
3.
Transverse axis
Antwoord: The transverse axis runs horizontally from side to side, a diver performing a sommersault rotates around the transverse axis.
4.
Frontal axis
Antwoord: The frontal axis runs horizontally from front to back of the body, a gymnast performing a cartwheel will rotate around the frontal axis.
5.
Longitudinal axis
Antwoord: The longitudinal axis runs from top to bottom of the body, a dancer performing a pirouette will rotate around the longitudinal axis.
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Fluid mechanics
Antwoord: the study of forces acting on the body travelling through air or water, fluid mechanics can be used to assess the air resistance (AR) acting on a cyclist or Drag (D) on a swimmer. D and AR are slightly different, D is the force that opposes motion through water and AR is through air.
2.
Drag
Antwoord: force that opposes motion through water
3.
Air resistance
Antwoord: The force that opposes motion through the air
4.
Factors of air resistance/drag
Antwoord: 1. Velocity 2. Mass 3. Surface characteristics 4. Front-cross sectional area 5. Streamlining and shape
5.
Velocity
Antwoord: the higher the velocity, the greater the AR or D acting on a body.
Enkele voorbeelden uit deze set oefenvragen
1.
Projectile motion
Antwoord: movement of a body through the air following a curved flight path through the air.
2.
Factors affecting the horizontal distance travelled by an object
Antwoord: 1. Speed of release – greater change in momentum and acceleration if a larger force is applied. 2. Angle of release – optimum angle of release is 45o to achieve maximum horizontal distance. 3. Height of release – if release height = landing height, optimal angle of release is 45o, if release height is above landing height then optimal angle of release is below 45o. If release height is below landing height optimal angle of release is above 45o.
3.
Shot put – free body + flight path diagram
Antwoord: 1. For the shot put, Weight (W) is the dominant force and Air Resistance (AR) is minimal therefore the flight path is parabolic, 2. parabolic meaning the flight path curve is symmetrical from release to landing.
4.
Badminton shuttlecock
Antwoord: 1. For the Badminton shuttlecock, AR is the dominant force and W is minimal therefore a non parabolic flight path occurs, 2. a non symmetrical flight path curve shape.
5.
Parallelogram of forces
Antwoord: 1. Draw free body diagram showing W and AR from CoM. 2. Add broken parallel lines to the W and AR to create parallelogram. 3. Draw a diagonal line from CoM to opposite corner of parallelogram, this should be labelled as the resultant force.
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