A summary of the chapter of matter. The document includes definitions, explanations and examples of different topics within the study of matter. Quite in depth for certain subtopics such as the periodic table, ions and mixtures.
MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE AND VOLUME
MATTER
HAT IS THE PHYSICAL MATERIAL OF THE UNIVERSE
IS MATTER?
THERE ARE 118 KNOWN ELEMENTS WHICH MAKE UP MATTER – THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
MATTER IS CLASSIFIED BY STATE [SOLID, LIQUID, GAS] OR BY COMPOSITION [ELEMENT, COMPOUND, MIXTURE]
MACROSCOPIC VS. MICROSCOPIC
MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC
• LARGE ENOUGH TO BE SEEN WITH THE • VERY SMALL AS TO BE VISIBLE
NAKED EYE ONLY WITH A MICROSCOPE
• NO NEED FOR MICROSCOPE • INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
• THE BULK NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INIDIVIDUAL MOLECULES AND
• EG. ANTS, ELEPHANTS ATOMS WITHIN MOLECULES OR
CRYSTAL LATTICES ARE
CONSIDERED
• EG. ATOMS
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
MATTER IS CLASSIFIED AS EITHER A SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS
SOLID – DEFINITE SHAPE AND DEFINITE VOLUME; NOT COMPRESSIBLE
LIQUID – DEFINITE VOLUME BUT NO DEFINITE SHAPE, TAKES SHAPE OF CONTAINER; NOT COMPRESSIBLE
GAS – NO FIXED VOLUME OR SHAPE; CAN BE COMPRESSED
® MACROSCOPIC DEFINED AT A MICROSCOPIC LEVEL
IN THE MICROSCOPIC REALM:
SOLID – LIQUID MELTING
LIQUID – SOLID FREEZING • THE STATES OF MATTER ARE DESCRIBED AT THE MOLECULAR
SOLID – GAS SUBLIMATION LEVEL
GAS – SOLID DEPOSITION § GAS – MOLECULES ARE FAR APART, MOVE AT HIGH SPEEDS,
GAS – LIQUID CONDENSATION COLLIDE OFTEN
LIQUID – GAS EVAPORATION § LIQUIDS – MOLECULES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER THAN IN
GASES, MOVE RAPIDLY BUT CAN SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER
§ SOLIDS – MOLECULES ARE PACKED TIGHTLY TOGETHER IN
DEFINITE ARRANGEMENTS
PURE SUBSTANCES
A PURE SUBSTANCE:
• HAS COMPOSITION THAT DOESN’T VARY FROM SAMPLE TO SAMPLE
• HAS DIRECT PROPERTIES
• IT IS MATTER THAT CANNOT BE SEPARATED INTO OTHER KINDS OF MATTER BY ANY PHYSICAL PROCESS
® ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
ELEMENTS
• COMPOSED OF ONE KIND OF ATOM, DISTINGUISHED BY ITS ATOMIC NUMBER
• CANNOT BE DECOMPOSED INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES – ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM
• 118 KNOWN ELEMENTS WHICH VARY IN ABUNDANCE – PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
, CHEMISTRY 1 HEALTH SCIENCE
• EACH ELEMENT IS GIVEN A UNIQUE NAME AND IS ABBREVIATED BY A CHEMICAL SYMBOL
• ALLOTROPES ARE DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT IN THE SAME STATE – THEY DIFFER IN
THEIR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
o GRAPHITE AND DIAMOND
COMPOUNDS
• A PURE SUBSTANCE CONSISTING OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS – TWO OR MORE KINDS OF
ATOMS
• CAN BE SEPARATED INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• ALWAYS CONSISTS OF THE SA,E COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS HELD TOGETHER IN A DEFINED SPATIAL
ARRANGEMENT BY CHEMICAL BONDS
o DALTONS LAW OF COMPOSITION STATES THAT A PURE COMPOUND WILL ALWAYS HAVE THE
SAME PROPORTION OF THE SAME ELEMENTS
o LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
• COMPOUNDS HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES THAN THEIR COMPONENT ELEMENTS
o WATER IS A LIQUID BUT BOTH HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ARE GASES
• ELEMENTAL MOLECULES CONSISTING OF MULTIPLE ATOMS OF A SINGLE ATOM – H2 , S8 ARE
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
• MOST MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS CONTAIN ONLY NON-METALS
MIXTURES
WHAT ARE MIXTURES?
MIXTURES ARE A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE PURE SUBSTANCES IN WHICH EACH SUBSTANCE
RETAINS ITS OWN CHEMICAL IDENTITY – MIXED TOGETHER BUT NOT CHEMICALLY BONDED. MIXTURES
CAN BE SEPARATED BY PHYSICAL MEANS INTO TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES.
• SUBSTANCES MAKING UP THE MIXTURE ARE COMPONENTS – CAN BE MIXED IN VARIABLE PROPORTIONS
• HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE – A MIXTURE IN WHICH THERE IS UNIFFORMITY THROUGHOUT, EG. TEA
o COMPONENTS CANNOT BE DISTINGUISHED
• HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE – A MIXTURE WHICH DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES
AND APPEARANCES THROUGHOUT, EG. MUSLIE
o THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
MIXTURES CAN BE SEPARATED IF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE MIXTURE ARE
DIFFERENT
MAGNETISM GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
FILTRATION • SEPARATING • THE GREATER THE
• SEPARATES SOLIDS FROM COMPONENTS OF AFFINITY THE
LIQUIDS MIXTURES USING A COMPONENT HAS FOR
• THE SOLID IS COLLECTED IN MAGNET TO THE LIQUID LAYER
FILTER PAPER AND THE ATTRACT MAGNETIC [STATIONARY PHASE]
FILTRATE [SOLUTION] SUBSTANCES THE SLOWER IT
PASSES THROUGH THE MOVES
FILTER PAPER AND • THE GREATER THE
COLLECTED IN A FLASK DIFFERENT METHODS OF
AFFINITY THE
SEPARATION
COMPONENT HAS FOR
DISTILLATION THE GAS [MOBILE
• SEPARATES HOMOGENOUS PHASE] THE FASTER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
MIXTURES ON THE BASIS OF IT MOVES
DIFFERENT BOILING POINTS • SEPARATES
• METHOD USED FOR PURIFYING A SUBSTANCES ON BASIS
VOLATILE LIQUID PRODUCT OF DIFFERENT ABILITIES
• THE CRUDE LIQUID REACTION TO ADSORB TO A
PRODUCT IS HEATED TO A BOIL, SURFACE AND
THE VAPORS RISE AND ARE DIFFERENT
CONDENSED TO A RECEIVER SOLUBILITIES IN A
• NON-VOLATILE IMPURITIES SOLVENT
REMAIN IN THE STILL POT
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