Essay
CCEA A Level History Ireland - Anglo Irish War and Civil war
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2 Full Essay 20/20 Plans- CCEA A Level History Ireland - How the Anglo Irish War came to an end and why the Civil War ended
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Anglo irish war and civil warAnglo Irish war
How the war came to an end
Military defeat Intelligence units and Widespread condemnation Pressure from dominion
-IRA had forced a military martial law -bloody Sunday and states and the usa and
stalemate -infiltration of Dublin castle burning of cork limited success of the
-first 6 months of 1921- with IRA agents -restoration of order in counter state
288 policemen killed and -intimidation and Ireland act 1920 extended -international statesmen-
96 soldiers compared to assassination of British the wartime powers held Jan Smutts- South African
154 civilians and IRA spies and informers within DORA- many PM took an interest and
members *high casualties* -harassment of british offences could be tried by criticised british policy
-major guerrilla operations- forces court martial, military
Leitrim, Longford, Galway -RIC and British forces courts were set up and the -undermined claims of
-assassinations Bloody morale was undermined most basic civil rights were Dublin castle being the
Sunday -RIC suffered from suspended legitimate government of
-ambushes Kilmichael and recruitment problems -criticism from the liberal the Irish state
Headfort despite improvements in press, Anglican church, -provided a political
-a military operation of the pay and conditions organisations like the hierarchy of negotiating
scale necessary was not peace for Ireland council with
feasible for the British -the declaration of martial -Lloyd George’s coalition -the dail loan scheme and
government- 100,000 law in south and west and found itself under pressure funds from the USA
soldiers would have been the prospect of it being from liberals and the provided finance
needed widened further- failure to labour party -it was a propaganda
-1921 winter campaign was pacify rebellions -december 1920 labour success
a concern released a critical report of
the reprisals and trade
unions showed their
solidarity in this
-the wider public were
appalled by the atrocities
reported in irish and british
papers
-22nd June 1921 king’s
speech
Stalled initiatives for a Republicans military Republicans political
truce pressure pressure
-the government of Ireland -IRA militarily exhausted -the Irish public were
act 1920 (home rule in the -troops were in British weary of war and its effect
south) was out of touch prisons, ammunition was in on agriculture and the
with irish opinion- 124 SF’s short supply, heavily economy
elected to the home rule outgunned and outmanned -could not operate without
assembly compared to 4 – 7,500 volunteers vs widespread support of the
from the IPP 40,000 British security people
-Irish people wanted full forces -high profile clerics like
, independence -spring 1921- 2,000 cardinal logue were critical
-lack of imagination volunteers remained at of IRA attacks
-a new dialogue was large- Collins later asserted -public and international
needed that they could ‘not have sympathy would not have
lasted another three endured if reasonable truce
weeks’ offers were rejected- the
-arms seizures took their 1921 truce was generous
toll as prisoners could be
-may 1921 declaration of released and no arms
martial law across 26 would have to be handed
counties over
-held little influence -the counter state was
outside of Munster becoming weak
-the Dublin centre was -the dail had been declared
under severe pressure illegal In September 1919
following the raid on by british authorities
Mulcahy’s staff HQ and the -the first inaugural meeting
failed customs house raid- of the irish parliament-
some 70 IRA men arrested only 27 members attended,
or killed 34 were in jail and 8 were
-poor communications with absent- this did not
IRA units- a centralised represent the irish people
structure was ineffective -struggled for finance- tax
and inefficient collection and overseas
-initial confidence now funding was hampered by
misplaced the british
Outbreak of civil war
Pre-existing divisions within Sinn Fein The predisposition towards militancy Personal rivalries and De Valera’s
-the 1917 Ard fheis created a and the IRA leadership
marriage of convenience between -the delayed IRA convention in march -collins had a personal antipathy
different nationalist groups 1922 and the occupation of the four towards De Valera and felt he had
-democrats (such as Griffith) now sat courts in April 1922 showed the deserted him when he left for
alongside militant republicans (De predisposition towards militancy America during the Anglo-Irish war
Valera) exhibited by some republicans and he had set him up for fall over
-whilst fighting the British the the Treaty
absorption of the IVF and IRB was of -the IRA had been as divided on the -De Valera was jealous of Collins’
little import as they were fighting treaty as the dail was- 9 members of popularity and was offended by the
against a common enemy IRA HQ in favour and 4 against credit Collins had gained for brokering
-once the Anglo Irish war concluded -O’connor was clear that his a largely unpopular treaty
old battles between democrats and supporters would endorse a military -de Valera’s opposition to the treaty
radicals resurfaced junta against the democratically can be seen in his Thurles speech
-IRA and IRB despised political leaders elected dail if it meant that a republic where he spoke of ‘wading through
and the compromises necessary for a would be secured Irish blood’ to gain ‘Irish freedom’
democratic Ireland, particularly on -individuals like O’connor and lynch which fuelled a conflict between both
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