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Summary US Civil Rights - condensed revision notes of African Americans €4,93
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Summary US Civil Rights - condensed revision notes of African Americans

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  • Vak
  • Unit 15
  • Instelling
  • OCR

Very condensed revision notes on African Americans as part of the OCR History Course on Civil Rights in the USA. IDEAL for revision and for writing essays. Got me 100 UMS. See bundle for entire course notes. More than 50% off.

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Document informatie

  • 14 maart 2017
  • 4
  • 2016/2017
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • condensed
  • revision
  • note
  • african americans
  • us civil rights
  • ocr
  • history

Geschreven voor

  • A/AS Level
  • OCR
  • history
  • Unit 15
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992: African Americans

Political:
13th Amendment – April 1865: abolished slavery, 3.5m into society. BUT: Lincoln assassinated, VP
Johnson pro-slavery and from South = Congress v President
Black codes 1865/66: BUT: southern states prevented blacks from voting after 15th A in 1870
CRA 1866: Made them US citizens and equal before law BUT: CvP: Johnson had attempted to veto
much legislation in 1866/67. SC Slaughterhouse Case 1873: civil rights came under state jurisdiction
Military Reconstruction Act 1867: radical, states had to accept Reconstruction laws to be re-
admitted to Congress BUT: CvP: Johnson had attempted to veto much legislation in 1866/67,
Compromise of 1877 removed federal troops
14th A 1868: equal protection under the law BUT: black codes
15th A 1870: right to vote – 700,000 enrolled to vote and played role in electing members to
Conventions to draw up state constitutions. Blanche K Bruce became senator and Frederick Douglass
gained political clout - impressive given the circumstances BUT: black codes, few blacks involved in
politics: 1870s: 22 in Congress, 20 to HoR, 2 to Senate – BKB lacked mass support of AAs and failed
to do much from within, Douglass lacked the support he had pre-war. Democrats dominated south
due to campaign to prevent blacks voting e.g. KKK , didn’t need to appeal for the black vote
Jim Crow era: S states devised technical non-racial requirements e.g. literacy/grandfather clauses –
by 1910: AA vote practically eliminated in the South. Congress and President maintained
Compromise 1877 and P Wilson 1912 dismissed all black advisors. No AAs in Congress or even state
legislatures by 1915. BUT: Roosevelt had meetings with BTW. Greater possibility of franchise in
north = possibility of determining local elections.
Post-war: Oscar de Priest elected to Congress in 1928, first since 1900 BUT: most AAs preoccupied
with daily struggle to survive. De Priest was lone voice in Congress. Presidents e.g. Coolidge/Hoover
indifferent, incompetent or powerless.
Roosevelt – turning point for SC: New Deal helped AAs economically. 1937-41: replaced 7 of 11
justices = more liberal rulings e.g. Gaines v. Canada 1938 (separate but equal must really be equal)
Eleanor showed frequent support. BUT: had to rely on Democratic support to pass ND through
Congress thus couldn’t directly tackle AA issue – told Walter White this in 1933.
WW2 and post: SC: Smith v Allright 1944 (registered blacks 2% to 12% 1940-47). Presidents
Roosevelt and Truman personally supported CR e.g. 1941: Executive orders - banned racial
discrimination in federal employment and army desegregated 1948 & Truman’s Committee on CR in
1946. BUT: Congress unhelpful and frequently D-dominated = no legislation.
CR explosion: Social protest sparked significant change - SC Browder v Gayle Nov 1956, Boynton v
Virginia 1960, Bob Kennedy forcibly implemented these as AG. Protests and Kennedy’s death = CRA
1964, showed waning strength of racists in Congress. Selma marches 1965 led directly to VRA 1965 =
Mississippi 6.7%-67.5% registered 1964-68, 1964 = 100 AAs had held public office, 1992 = >8,000
BUT: rapid increase slowed - 1976 = 60% eligible blacks registered, and only 50% voted. Connection
between President Johnson and MLK severed following denouncement of Vietnam in April 1967.
Affirmative action: VRA = reason to court black vote - all 3 branches working in harmony - Congress:
Equal Opportunity Act 1972, SC confirmed validity of AA in Griggs v Duke Power Company 1971.
Other significant SC rulings: Green v Connally 1970, Swann v BoE 1971 BUT: Nixon’s Presidency
became dominated by Watergate.
Ford and Carter: Ford had good relations with CR leaders, appointed first black Transport Secretary.
90% of blacks voted for Carter in 1976: 37 black federal jobs, 2x before. BUT: Ford supported ROAR
(anti-bussing), wary of too much fed intervention.
Reagan 1981-89: Congress liberal approach - 1982 strengthened VRA, and CRA 1988, and 1983 made
MLK bday public holiday. Jesse Jackson won 7m votes in 1988. BUT: hadn’t supported 1965/66 CR
legislation unlike all previous Presidents. Appointed conservative Chief Justice William Rehnquist
1986. SC and Reagan less liberal than Congress - Reagan attempted to veto CRA 1988.
Bush 1989-92: had voted for Fair Housing Act 1968. 1992: 11% of popl and made up 8% of HoR. BUT:
only 7% of judicial appointments were from racial minorities. Black politicians couldn’t make that big
an impact - financial and political constraints.

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