Forget too many pages of study notes, everything you need on settlements summarized into just 7 pages! One page per section makes it great to print out and keep in a file.
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URBAN VS RURAL SETTLEMENT Site is the exact location of a city, you can find it on a map.
Size & Population Grouping of people, activities and buildings is called a settlement. Situation of a city relates to its surrounding features, both human-
made and natural.
Settlements can be classified as urban or rural according to their size. A settlement is a place where:
India, there are villages with over 1 000 inhabitants. In some parts of the a group of people live
FACTORS INFLUENCING SITE
USA, there are towns that have few inhabitants but are urban in an infrastructure exists
character. Physical - The availability of resources such as water, fertile soil and grazing
buildings occur
Economic- The availability of valuable minerals that can be mined
social and economic activities happen.
Trade and Transport - The availability of a natural harbour or the crossing
A settlement can be as small as a village or as large as a city, with the main criterion being point of a large river eg.Saldahna Bay
that it operates as a single integrated system on a regular daily basis.
Economic Function & Activity Cultural and Social - New towns have been built away from existing urban
Rural settlements are usually unifunctional settlements that are congested, polluted and overpopulated.
primary activities - farming, mining, fishing or forestry
Urban settlements are predominantly multifunctional
Settlements These are designed to:
improve the living conditions and lifestyles of people
SIZE & COMPLEXITY attract light industries to provide employment
secondary – manufacturing
Simple - isolated, few buildings, people and social and economic activities. have road networks that allow for easy traffic flow
tertiary - trade, transport, education, service, administration
Complex - variety of different buildings, a complex infrastructure, a larger population and many provide easy access to schools, clinics, shops and other facilities.
quaternary - law, finance, media, research, IT
social and economic activities. Political - Government policies can influence the site of settlements. The
Services
government of South Africa has created new settlements due to the need for
High school & Universities housing.
Hospitals Ivory Park Village in Midrand, Gauteng – where 783 houses were built
Shopping malls
Kutlwanong, situated near the city of Kimberley in Northern Cape province –
Public transport this project provides homes that are 52 m2 in size.
In rural settlements services are usually not available or are limited. Historical - Historically some settlements needed defensive sites to protect
them from invaders
Land Use
Urban land is denser and buildings are closely grouped, use can be Settlement’s location in relation to its surrounding features.
residential, industrial, commercial and recreational.
To describe the situation of a site, the features surrounding the site are
referred to, for example, soil, climate, other settlements, rivers, geology and
In rural areas, the settlements tend to be widely spaced and the land vegetation.
is used for one or two activities. The features that define a settlement’s situation usually influence the type
of activity that will be carried out in the settlement.
, FARMNG SITE & LOCATION INFLUENCES
LANDUSE
EXTENSIVE is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs Physical natural disaster
Land use depends on the function and the type of primary activities that occur
in and around the settlement of labour, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
aspect
dwellings in which people live INTENSIVE involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of water
input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.
storage buildings and equipment sheds
farm-produce storage structures farming resources
cultivated lands
grazing land
Economic
stock pens
roads and paths Classification of Rural
water storage areas. Stellenbosch
RURAL DOES NOT MEAN POOR & POVERTY!
land use in a subsistence farming community would be different to the land use
on an intensive mixed-commercial farm RURAL = Remote area in countryside & less developed
Elandsbaai on the West Coast
PATTERNS
SHAPES Skukuza settlement in the KNP
Round or circular, linear, crossroads and T-shaped.
, Cycle of Rural Decay
URBAN RURAL MIGRATION STRATEGIES
Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas The Comprehensive Rural Development Programme aims to:
Greater opportunities for employment eliminate rural poverty and food insecurity
maximise the use and management of natural resources
Improved lifestyle from better services
create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural settlements
Poverty
KEY ACTIONS OF CDP
Lack of arable land
Devp. and gear infrastructure to support agricultural and non-farming economic
Technology replaces people activities
Encourage people to add value to their primary products by turning them into
secondary products, for example making jam from harvested fruits
Encourage public investments to support rural non-farm industries that can provide
additional rural incomes
Improve information and communication to provide knowledge about crops, weather
Rural Issues & Strategies and current trends.
AGRICULTURAL PLANNING THAT CAN IMPROVE FARMING PRACTICES
Formal agricultural resettlement areas where services are provided to the rural
AGENDA 21 PRINCIPLES farmers
CONSEQUENCES ON ECONOMY
Focus on improving quality of life for people in rural areas & making sure that there are enough Subsistence farmers are given their own pieces of land in an attempt to improve
Resources are not used to devp. the economy, which would provide employment resources for future generations agricultural production
for the rural population.
Municipalities have to take ownership for sustainable development Modern farming methods are introduced and training provided – these include
Spending in the smaller service centres decreases bc local farmers leave the farms. contour ploughing, irrigation, use of fertilisers, etc.
Business people and service providers in small rural towns lose their business or Awareness + conservation of natural environment – the living environment must be protected
jobs. Communal grazing land was provided for livestock
Basic needs must be met and continue to be met – food, water, sanitation, shelter, education,
Services in the smaller centres close down, for example schools and shops. Local health services, employment Residential areas were provided with the necessary services
people have no access to these services and people lose their jobs. DIVERSIFICATION PROJECTS WHICH CAN BE IMPLEMENTED TO RE-VITALISE
Empowerment, participation and accountability of communities – a “bottoms up” approach THE LOCAL ECONOMY
Crime (farm murders) increases. Isolated farms become more vulnerable bc area is rather than a “top down” approach
less populated. There is no support system or services to ensure security. Metropolitan overspill – commuters who have the means to live in the rural area
COMMUNITY AND NGO PRINCIPLES
Unemployment increases as there are few new investments. yet travel to the urban area for work
Rural devp can be improved by creating co-operatives who can purchase seeds, fertilisers and
Properties have a low value = farmhouses are abandoned and neglected. machinery together and then can store and market crops collectively to save costs Rural town re-invent themselves – golf estates / retirement communities /
conference facilities / game reserves, lodges
Tertiary services are below standard bc the pop.size is too small to support and Projects not related to agriculture (arts and crafts / brick making) can also be started
Professionally based individuals who can work from rural areas (lawyers, financial
sustain an acceptable level of service. People earn a small salary which can stimulate the local economy advisers)
Young men are the 1st to migrate – the women, children and elderly remain in Allow the communities to identify their own needs Historical and cultural festivals which attract visitors (Grahamstown Arts Festival /
the rural areas. Impact on family unit & forces women + children to take on roles KKNK [Oudtshoorn] / Cherry Festival [Ficksburg])
that are usually carried out by the men. Projects which have high success rates bc. the community feels in control
Adventure tourism – camping, hiking, rafting
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