Essay
Unit 22. P2
- Vak
- Instelling
P2- Discuss ethical issues relating to research in health and social care sectors.
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Megan Middleton Research methodology for health and social care Unit 22 P2P2 Discuss ethical issues relating to research in the health and social care sectors
Ethical principles
Ethics is based around human behaviour and the principles involved. The safety and wellbeing of
individuals must be taken into consideration whenever research is being conducted. Ethics is based
on 3 things;
Values
Attitudes
Beliefs
Of the individual, therefore these cannot be measured. Ethical principles take into consideration the
effects of the actions shown to individuals by the researcher. It is important to measure whether or
not the researcher is morally right or wrong. The Nuremberg code of human rights was introduced in
1947, this was put in place to make sure that any experiments conducted by the Nazi concentration
camps could not be imitated.
Informed Consent
Informed consent is important in regards to health care, an example of this would be medication
trials, treatments or pioneering surgery, when the results are undiscovered. Informed consent is
when all individuals taking part in the research are able to make an informed decision regarding
their participation. It is seen as unethical to keep information from individuals if it will affect their
decision. An experiment called ‘Tuskegee syphilis experiment’ was carried out from 1932 to 1972 in
Alabama, US. It was carried out in order to observe the natural development of untreated syphilis. It
was carried out on males of the African-American ethnicity who were misled into believing that they
would receive free medical attention from the US government once the experiment was over. 600
participants took part and 201 did not have the disease before the experiment. The experiment
continued regardless of the loss of funding, this meant that the participants would no longer receive
medical treatment post experiment. The seriousness of the disease was not explained to the
individuals as is was described as only having ‘bad blood’. This study was mainly recognised for its
unethical principles due to the researchers were aware of the fact that they failed to treat the
participants correctly.
Do No Harm
It is important that participants come into no harm, the individuals feeling and rights must be
acknowledged throughout the duration of an experiment. Any research carried out must be the
following;
Beneficence- Is a view in research ethics which states that researcher’s must prioritise the
wellbeing of participants when carrying out research. This may be testing new medication
and monitoring side effects.
Maleficence- This is when acts of harm are carried out, this may be implicating harm for
personal research.
Ethical Studies
The names and identity of the individuals taking part in an experiment must remain confidential.
Names and personal details must not be used in relation to any other experiment.
Manipulating the data
It must be proven that no data has been altered in any way. This can be done by keeping the
research open for any individuals reading. It is important that no data can be altered or manipulated,
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