Volledige en uitgebreide samenvatting van het keuzevak psychopharmacology. De samenvatting is het in Engels, aangezien het vak ook in het Engels gegeven wordt.
Dingen die moeilijk uitgelegd werden, heb ik er in het Nederlands bijgezet. Lastig vak met veel leerstof, maar als je op tijd begint met ...
3. Influences from Psychiatry ......................................................................................................................... 17
3.1. Early pharmacotherapy (1860-1930: before WOII) ................................................................................... 17
3.1.1. Social background .............................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.2. Therapeutic options for the incurable ............................................................................................... 18
3.2. Experimenting with hallucinogenics (1880 - 1940).................................................................................... 19
3.2.1. Accidental discovery of LSD (1938) .................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2. Applications and the public of LSD (post-WO II)................................................................................ 20
3.2.3. How does LSD work and how is it related to Psychotic Episodes? .................................................... 21
3.2.4. Hallucinogenic experiments .............................................................................................................. 22
3.3. The first antidepressant (1930-1950: during WOII) ................................................................................... 22
3.3.1. Social background .............................................................................................................................. 22
3.3.2. Benzedrine®: The uplifting nasal decongestant ................................................................................ 23
3.3.3. Conquering depression during the heydays of the 20th century ...................................................... 23
3.4. The revolutionary decade (post WW II): ANTIPSYCHOTICS ....................................................................... 24
3.4.1. Social background .............................................................................................................................. 24
3.4.2. Phenothiazines (heel goed kennen) .................................................................................................. 25
3.5. The revolutionary decade (post WW II): ANTIDEPRESSANTS .................................................................... 26
3.6. The revolutionary decade: ANXIOLYTICS .................................................................................................. 27
3.7. The revolutionary decade (post WW II): ANTIMANIC DRUGS ................................................................... 27
3.8. In conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 28
1. Key concepts of Behavioral Neuroscience .................................................................................................. 29
1.1. Anatomy & Organization of the Nervous System ...................................................................................... 30
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, 1.1.1. Different nervous systems ................................................................................................................. 31
1.1.2. Central nervous system ..................................................................................................................... 32
1.1.3. The deep brain structures ................................................................................................................. 33
1.1.4. What are cells made of? Including neurons ...................................................................................... 33
1.2. Origin of Signal .......................................................................................................................................... 38
1.3. Neural Communication (zie gedragsneuro) ............................................................................................... 39
1.3.1. Communication within a neuron ........................................................................................................... 40
1.3.1.1. Membrane Potentials ..................................................................................................................... 40
1.3.2. Action potential (zie gedragsneuro) .................................................................................................. 43
1.4. Communication between neurons ............................................................................................................ 45
1.4.1. Synaptic communication ................................................................................................................... 45
1.5. Endocrinergic Communication ................................................................................................................... 51
1.5.1. Subtle differences .............................................................................................................................. 52
1.5.1.1. Endocrinergic neurons .................................................................................................................... 52
1.5.1.2. Endocrinergic glands (specialized structures in our body) ............................................................. 53
2. Principles of psychopharmacology: general framework ............................................................................. 55
3. Key concepts of Psychopharmacology: Pharmacokinetics .......................................................................... 57
3.1. Routes of administration ........................................................................................................................... 57
3.2. Absorption & distribution .......................................................................................................................... 62
3.2.1. Partition coefficient is too high ......................................................................................................... 64
3.2.2. Partition coefficient is moderate drug .............................................................................................. 64
3.2.3. Partition coefficient is too low........................................................................................................... 65
3.3. Depot binding (niet heel erg in detail kennen) .......................................................................................... 68
3.4. Inactivation & biotransformation .............................................................................................................. 69
3.5. Excretion .................................................................................................................................................... 72
3.6. Pharmacokinetics: summarize ................................................................................................................... 73
4. Key concepts of Psychopharmacology: Pharmacodynamics ....................................................................... 74
4.1. CNS-Behavioral Categorization of Drugs ................................................................................................... 74
4.2. From synaptic activity… ............................................................................................................................. 75
4.2.1. Drugs as ligands ................................................................................................................................. 76
4.2.3. Dynamic reactions: downregulation and upregulation ..................................................................... 81
4.3. … To behavioral effects .............................................................................................................................. 83
4.3.1. From a drug action to a drug effect ................................................................................................... 83
4.3.2. Dose Response Curves (DRCs) ........................................................................................................... 83
4.3.4. Tolerance ⬄ sensitization ................................................................................................................. 84
4.3.5. Kinetics and dynamics interact with each other ................................................................................ 85
1. Preclinical research .................................................................................................................................... 87
1.1. Animal research and ethics....................................................................................................................... 88
1.1.1. The challenge of testing with animals: .............................................................................................. 89
1.1.2. Focus on construct validity ................................................................................................................ 89
1.1.3. Other quality checks: ......................................................................................................................... 89
1.2. How do we study psychiatric disorders in rodents? ................................................................................... 90
1.3. Example of an animal model ..................................................................................................................... 90
1.4. The 3 R’ and moral principles: research with animals requires moral guidelines ...................................... 92
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, 2. Clinical research ......................................................................................................................................... 93
2.1. Methodological issues ............................................................................................................................... 94
2.2. Post-marketing research, phase IV ............................................................................................................ 98
2.2.1. FDA/FAGG assessment ...................................................................................................................... 98
2.2.2. Increased regulations = increased costs: discussion ......................................................................... 99
2.3. INCB – International Narcotics Control Board ........................................................................................... 99
After a drug has been approved by the FDA: Phase IV ................................................................................... 102
1. Therapy (non)adherence .......................................................................................................................... 104
1.1. Defining therapy (non)adherence ............................................................................................................ 104
1.2. Factors related to therapy (non)adherence ............................................................................................. 105
1.3. societal problems related to therapy (non)adherence ............................................................................ 109
1.3.1. Social biases ..................................................................................................................................... 109
2. The case of Scott Martin: introduction + instructions ............................................................................... 111
4.1. Getting to know Scott .............................................................................................................................. 111
4.2. Treatment adherence: a new hope ......................................................................................................... 111
4.3. The short-term effects of Lithium ............................................................................................................ 111
4.4. The 6-week follow-up .............................................................................................................................. 112
4.5. Putting strain on Scott’s treatment adherence ....................................................................................... 112
4.6. Remarkable effects come in small packages ........................................................................................... 112
3. How to improve Therapy Adherence ........................................................................................................ 112
1. .................................................................................................................................................................. 114
1.1. Defining substance use disorder .............................................................................................................. 114
1.1.1 Different degrees of substance use disorder.................................................................................... 114
2. What’s in a name ..................................................................................................................................... 115
2.1. Dependency ............................................................................................................................................. 115
2.2. Addiction ................................................................................................................................................. 116
2.3. Abuse ....................................................................................................................................................... 116
2.4. Substance induced disorders or SIDs ....................................................................................................... 116
2.5. "Behavioural addictions" ......................................................................................................................... 117
3. Biopsychosocial mechanisms of SUD ........................................................................................................ 118
3.1. The mesolimbic pathway - The reward system ....................................................................................... 118
3.2. The neurobiology of tolerance and withdrawal ...................................................................................... 119
3.3. Hebbian learning ..................................................................................................................................... 120
3.4. Homeostatis and opponent Proces Theory .............................................................................................. 121
3.5. Evaluation in cravings.............................................................................................................................. 122
3.6. The social network hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 123
4. Treatment strategies of SUDs ................................................................................................................... 123
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