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Summary BHCS2005 - Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry - Haematology Metabolism €11,12   In winkelwagen

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Summary BHCS2005 - Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry - Haematology Metabolism

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A complete summary of the metabolic haematology aspect of the BHCS2005 clinical haematology and biochemistry module at Plymouth University.

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  • 10 november 2023
  • 20
  • 2023/2024
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Door: rafaelaferreira • 6 maanden geleden

Very poor quality information, lots of grammar mistakes.

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Door: hawkinsella2002 • 6 maanden geleden

This is not the case as the notes are summaries and are in bullet points so grammar is irrelevant. This customer was extremely rude and didn’t read what she ordered. All the information is derived from the module.

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Haematology Metabolism Cheat Sheet



Metabolic Syndrome

 Three types of diabetes

o Type one - autoimmune attack

o Type two - Metabolic syndrome

o Gestational Diabetes

 Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical disorders that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
and cardiovascular disease

o Factors that contribute include obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia



Obesity and Diabetes

 Obesity causes defective insulin responsiveness leading to insulin resistance

o This results in compensatory beta cell function leading to hyperglycaemia

 Obesity causes insulin resistance due to inflammatory, adipocrine and lipid stress



Insulin Signalling Pathway

 Insulin > IR > IRS1 > PI3K > AKT2 > GLUT4 > Glucose Uptake



Fatty Acid Oxidation

 Fatty acids accumulate due to biosynthesis, storage, transport, catabolism and from dietary
intake

 The body performs fatty acid oxidation by

o Mitochondrial beta oxidation

o ATP/ADP ratio

o Energy expenditure



Insulin Resistance

 Fatty acids cause beta oxidation however limiting oxidative catabolism causes the build up of
harmful intermediates

o This activates protein kinases and results in decreased glucose uptake

 Lipid intermediates are formed from insulin resistance which include

, o GM3

o DAG

o Ceraminde

o Acylcarnitine

 Insulin resistance affects mitochondrial activity including glucose uptake, glycogen and
protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis



Holloszy Argument

 This states that mitochondrial capacity does not limit fatty acid oxidation in obesity



Pancreatic Beta Cells

 Pancreatic beta cells cause glucose stimulated insulin secretion

 This occurs due to a rise in ATP from glycolysis, TCA and OXPHOS

o This causes depolarisation of voltage gated Ca2+ channels

o An increase in Ca2+ in the nucleus causes insulin secretion

 Pancreatic beta cell failure causes glucolipotoxicity

o This can cause impaired glucose secretion

 Sulphonylureas also trigger insulin secretion by binding to SUR1 subunits of K ATP channels
which closes them



Reactive Oxygen Species

 ROS have unpaired electrons

 The production of free radicals required NADPH

 A one electron reduction yields a superoxide anion radical which reacts with anything it
bumps into

o Oxygen + Ie- = superoxide

 A two electron reduction yields hydrogen peroxide

 A singlet oxygen is formed when one electron is excited to a higher energy level

 Transition metals donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions to help create
free radicals

 SOD is an enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of the superoxide radical into either
molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide

 In the mitochondria, ROS cause

, o Redox signalling

o Mitochondrial dysfunction

o Apoptosis and necrosis

o Disease and ageing



ROS Measurements

 ROS are measured using

o Fluorescent probes

o Mass Spec probes

o ESR probes - spin of unpaired electrons can be detected using ESR spectroscopy

 Small fluorescent probes are used to detect superoxide

o These include DCFH and hydroethidine

 Hydroethidine can target mitochondria using MitoSOX

 Free radicals can be stabilised using spin traps

o Spin traps covalently bind free radicals producing adducts that can be detected by
electron spin resonance



Cellular Respiration

 Proton slip is a decrease in pumping efficiency due to partial and variable decoupling of
chemical reaction and proton transfer

 Proton leak is when proton return to the matrix independently of ATP synthase

o Uncoupling proteins act as channels to let protons flow

 Electron leak is the exit of electrons prior to the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome
C oxidase causing a production of superoxide

 Electron slip is where electrons are transferred through respiratory complexes without
pumping protons into the intermembrane space



Fenton’s Reaction

 In Fenton's reaction, the ferrous and/or ferric cation decomposes catalytically hydrogen
peroxide to generate powerful oxidizing agents

 Capable of generating both hydroxyl radicals and higher oxidation states of iron causing free
radical damage

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