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Latest PES3701 exam pack – This document will help you pass the module with ease. The document contains summary notes, previous exam/assignment questions, & answers.
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,This document contains: Study Notes
Previous Exam (Questions & Answers)
Previous Assignments (Questions & Answers)
Please note that human errors are possible in this document
STUDY NOTES
Study Unit 1 - The Philosophy of Physical Education
Definition
Physical education involves teaching learners skills. It provides the teacher with the
opportunity to educate learners through the experience of motor movement. Further is teacher
them about their bodies and physical
Sport is a human activity that involves administration and rules. Sport also involves
competition, challenge, and the use of certain skills. Also, any sport has a definite historical
background.
Recreation is a voluntary activity that is beneficial to the participant; recreation, by its very
nature, is undertaken during leisure or free time.
Play is a spontaneous and enjoyable activity that individuals engage in for its own sake. A
child must play to be able to learn.
Relationship between physical education and sport
Physical education: Includes the development of the child’s physical fitness, strength,
flexibility and basic sport skills. It helps develop the child physically, psychologically and
socially. It takes place in the school set up. In preschool, physical education is referred to as
movement; it is in primary school that we first encounter the term "physical education".
Sport: Is a human activity involving specific administrative organisations and a historical
background of rules. It involves competition or challenge and a definite outcome that is
primarily determined by physical skill. It is characterised by certain rules and common goals.
Study Unit 2 - The History, Development And Value of Physical Education
Factors which influence the modern era of sport
The following have been significant influences on the development of sport since the
beginning of the 19th century:
Secularism - Sport is far less linked to religious beliefs and religious rituals than it was in
earlier times. Material values play a more important role.
Equality for all - Now there is a need for all to take part in sport. Men and women and
people of all classes have equal opportunities to participate.
Specialisation - Increasingly specialised sporting equipment and training methods are
being introduced. Athletes start to specialise at a very early age.
, Rationalisation and rules - Sport is controlled and regulated by rules and strategies.
Unfortunately children’s games are dominated by the rules for adults.
Bureaucratisation - Modern sport has become a complex structure with formal
organisations at three levels: national, regional and local.
Qualifications - Measurements and statistics are common aspects related to modern sport.
All events are recorded according to time, distance and score.
Do you think Physical education has an educational value for the child?
Physical education provides learners with a means of self-expression.
Children learn to explore the environment and learn to express their feelings through creative
movement.
Children learn to better understand the value of socialising.
Children are given the opportunity to develop physically.
Understanding how to play games and sports can be achieved in the physical education
programme.
Children are taught to enjoy physical activities in a variety of games.
Well-managed physical education programmes give you the opportunity to teach children the
meaning of sportsmanship.
The Economic Value of Sport For The Community
Nowadays we cannot disregard the huge sums of money involved in sport, in the forms of prize
money, expensive facilities, high salaries or specialised equipment. Major technological
developments have changed sport into big business. But the close relationship between sport and
finance is not new: building planners worked out costs of the stadium at Olympia in ancient Greece,
and provided for athletes’ training and housing needs all of which involved financial considerations.
Even though the Greeks claimed that participation was for the glory of winning the crown, various
athletes expected to be substantially and materially rewarded by their communities for bringing
success to their city. In fact, the athletes’ search for more lucrative prizes led to the collapse of the
old Olympian Games.
Today the massive economic enterprise of sport benefits many industries round the world: sport is
now a public commodity on the commercial market. When a country stages an international sporting
event it stands to benefit economically. For example tourism has major benefits for a national
economy. Tourists stimulate the local economy, especially bars and restaurants, taxis, hotels and
other retail businesses. South Africa’s hosting of the Rugby World Cup in 1995 led to an influx of
visitors, resulting in a boom in the hotel and transport industries.
Building and maintenance of sport facilities are million-dollar industries. South Africa’s need for
basic sport facilities should provide much-needed jobs in the construction industry. If SA had won
the bid for the 2004 Olympics, this would have been a major boost for the construction industry.
The number of professional athletes increases by the day. Their status as participants is demonstrated
by their salaries–they often earn more than people in other top professions. Sport offers careers in
sports medicine, sport law, sport psychology, sports administration and stadium management.
, Study Unit 3 - Anatomy And Physiology
Knowledge of the structure and functioning of the body
This knowledge will enable the coach to know how the child/athlete responds to exercise and
training, which exercises are relevant for the child and which are suitable for the athlete's level of
development. Children should not be treated as little adults, which means that the coach has to make
certain adjustments when teaching children.
Describe the function of the skeleton.
Support - supports the body framework --- without the skeleton, this would be a shapeless
lump.
Protection - protects the important and delicate organs of the body. The skull protects the
brain.
Movement - provides anchorage for muscle. Muscles that are fixed to the skeleton can operate
joints. Moves body as a whole.
Body systems
Joints - form the junctions between the bones used for movement.
Bones - support, protect and help the body perform any muscular movement.
Muscles - muscular movement goes on all the time --- for breathing, moving and standing.
Nervous system - carries signals from the brain --- the nervous system includes brain, spinal
cord, and many other nerves that branch off the spinal cord.
Ligaments are strong fibrous straps. Bones at each joint are linked by tough ligaments.
Tendons are connecting sheaths joined together at the end of each muscle from tendons. They
are made up of strong tissue.
Somatotyping
Refers to three extremes of body types:
Endomorph - These persons tend to have a less well -defined body outline and can become
fat easily.
Mesomorph - These persons are well proportioned and muscular.
Ectomorph - These are thin individuals who tend to be tall.
The meaning of “posture” - This has to do with the alignment of the body segments. In other
words, how well the child can keep his or her body erect and balanced.
The most common problems:
Kyphosis: Round upper back is a marked increase in the curve of the back.
Lordosis: Hollow back, an exaggerated forward curve of the lower back.
Scoliosis: Lateral curvature, C-shaped, extending the length of the spinal column.
Most of the typical posture deviations of young children can be observed and corrected with
proper exercise. The following deviations can be observed when the child is standing beside a
plumb line.
Which test is used to evaluate the child's posture?
The plumb line test - The side and rear view plumbline test and posture charts are used to
evaluate posture. Both serve as basic screening devices. The physical educator can pick up any
major changes in a learner’s posture.
The view from the side - Take a line through the middle of ear and shoulder joint, slightly in
front of anklebone.
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