Criminal Behaviour during the Lifecourse aantekeningen hoorcolleges werkgroepen
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Vak
Criminal Behaviour during the Lifecourse
Instelling
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges, inclusief kanttekeningen een aantal werkgroepen van het vak Criminal Behaviour during the Lifecourse van de faculteit Sociale Wetenschappen. Engels vak, dus aantekeningen ook Engels
Literature week 1
Elder Jr., G.H., Johnson, M.K., Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life
course theory. In J.T. Mortimer & M.J. Shanahan (eds.), Handbook of the Life Course (pp.
3-19). Kluwer Academic/Plenum: New York.
- social pathways
- social meaning
- five principles of life course theory
- linked lives
- human agency
- timing
- social historical concepts
- life span development
Hirschi, T. & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of
Sociology, 89(3), 552-584.
- age crime curve debate
- age crime curve is invariant, different places according to Hirschi and Gottfredson,
different time, you don’t need longitudinal research, only age to predict crime
- age is independent, year, background, cultural/historical events nor income do not
matter to predict the crime curve (contradictory to Steffensmeier)
- curve should always be the same (H&G), but Steffensmeier has graphic evidence
that this is wrong
Steffensmeier, D.J., Allan, E.A., Harer, M.D., & Streifel, C. (1989). Age and the distribution of
crime. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 803-831
Literature week 2
Dual taxonomy theory (Moffitt, 1993)
Literature week 4
Changing contexts: A quasi‐experiment examining adolescent delinquency and the
transition to high school (wiley.com)
HC1 Intro to the life course (13/9)
Adolescents are more likely to commit crimes, as research was focused on youth
Growing interest in criminal behavior over time
- criminal ‘careers’
- lifecourse changed (lifecourse criminology)
- crime was highly concentrated (55% convictions by .1% of offenders (Sweden/US))
→ unequal distribution in age and offenders
‘age-crime was one of the brute facts of criminology’
→ crime declines with age (maturational reform) (ageing-out)
… why?
- changes in social roles and contexts (becoming parents, rolemodels etc.)
- ‘every adult generation is faced with the task of civilizing those barbarians’ (Ryder
quoted in Steffensmeier et al. 1989)
, - depends on the type of crime (gambling +21, vandalism around 18 etc.)
- age-crime curve
- social factor → age
- how crime is distributed across a population according to the age of a
population
- how distribution varies by crime type or over time
- shared social behaviors over time (who’s involved in what type of crime)
- it does NOT tell us: gender, early/late startes with crime, crime types
(specializations)
age + propensity to crime
implication:
- theoretical frameworks account for age-crime relationship
- target for crime prevention or reduction (adolescents or the elderly?)
- why does crime decline with age? (physically/social roles?, explanations)
Lifecourse research
- (between-individual differences)
- within-individual differences!
- changes over time
social pathways → institutions, educational systems, social norms, lifestructure, … (differ
between countries; ex. US and NL). These influence the tendency toward criminal behaviour.
lifecourse concepts:
- trajectories (middle school → highschool; whole line)
- transition (common change)
- turning points (serious change in behavior; highschool dropout, teenage pregnancy)
- age effects different crimes to commit during youth or older
- period effects effects all ages, groups etc.; general effect
- cohort effects generational effect; gen z, millennials
→ difficult to measure
1. social-historical time and place
- cohort effect; when and where you are born matters
- birth cohort, historical context, social change (ex. coronapandemic, learing
deficit) → affects decisions and how you develop over time
2. human agency
- agency: ‘the capacity to exercise control over our lives’
- intentional choices and actions (turning points?)
- made within societal constraints
3. linked lives
- individuals are linked with others (parents, friends, partners, communities…)
- parents in crime → children higher propensity to crime as well
4. timing
- when something occurs during lifecourse; timing matters
- age at which events occur affects trajectories and transitions
- stage of development
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