Samenvatting

Samenvatting Internationale omgeving

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Vak
Internationale omgeving

Instelling
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)

samenvatting van beide delen van het vak internationale omgeving. samenvattingen werden gemaakt a.d.h.v. de hoorcolleges en bijhorende powerpoints. ik heb in eerste zit een 13/20 behaald 1e deel is in het Engels samengevat (gesproken taal van de prof) 2e deel is in het Nederlands samengevat (ge...

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Internationale omgeving – deel 1
Session 1 – stability and change in the international economic
environment; understanding the importance of rules and
international institutions for stability and reliability of economic
activities
A firm is a resource transformation system, embedded in it’s environment
• Porter’s value chain
o Margin = the value created for the
costumers apart from the costs
o Horizontal: supporting activities
→ important for the firm but less for the
product itself
o Vertical: primary activities
→ how the product comes to life
• The firm is embedded in relations
o Supply side
o Demand side
• The firm is embedded in different environments
o Costumers o Demographic forces
o Government o Cultural forces
o Distributors o Political forces
o Unions o Environmental forces
o Competitors o Economic forces
o Suppliers o Technological forces

• Different reasons to internationalize
o Market-seeking
→ exploring an discovering new market opportunities
→ following costumers
o Resource-seeking
→ exploiting factor-driven location advantages
→ exploiting demand-driven location advantages
o Using global network
→ global experience
→ economies of scale in production, logistics, marketing, purchase, sourcing, technology
→ mobility of production
→ lowering risks
→ product differentiation

1
Shanti Langers

,• Advantages of internationalization: Dunning’s OLI
o Ownership/ motive → why?
→ nature
→ size of technological, managerial, financial and marketing advantages that domestic firms
don’t have
o Location → where?
→ locations-specific advantages abroad
o Internalization → how?
→ advantages of internal coordination and control
→ advantages of combination with other assets of the firm

• The globalization of the markets
o Globalization leads to the emergence of global markets for standardized consumer products
→ consumers’ tastes and preferences are coming together in a global norm
→ the global corporation sells the dame tings in de same way everywhere
o Strategy = exploiting economies of scale
→ falling trade barriers
→ technology leads to standardization (not customization)
→ firm offer the same product worldwide
• Globalization = the movement tot a more integrated and mutually dependent global economy
o Of products (resource-seeking)
o Of markets (market-seeking)
• Dimensions of globalization
o International economy: international markets and productions systems
o International politics: end of nation-state
o International culture: a world without borders

• World trade has increased in the previous decades
o Barriers have reduces
o Production has changed
• General increase of global welfare

Conflict exist despite/because the success of globalization and it’s negative effects
on business
• Trade tensions between China and USA → rise of tariffs → broader systemic rivalry → increased
uncertainty → wider implications (protectionist/nationalist policy in America)
• Brexit on the table → uncertainty increases → disappointing economic performance in the UK →
hard hit for UK trade services with the EU
• Economic impact of COVID
o Airlines going bankrupt
o Supply chains disturbed
o Globalization paused/ deglobalization

2
Shanti Langers

,• Economic impact of Russia’s war
o Record high of Turkish exports
o Western companies are getting out of Russia

• Conclusion: external shocks cause uncertainty, and hinder trade and investments
• International interconnectedness of business, international trade and trade connections are
relevant in different nations
• (external) events can cause disruptions on the normal functioning of firms

Rules and multilateralism is a way to handle different interests
• Institutional regulations to coordinate relations between nations
o Multilateralism: relations between nations based on general codes of conduct1 or strategic
needs that can avoid a specific situation
▪ Rule based system
▪ Regulatory framework
▪ Reliable
▪ Advantages: stabilizes, creates predictability
▪ 1920: league of nations (result of world war II)
▪ Today: the UN, the world bank, the IMF, WTO, EU
o Bilateralism: relations between 2 nations based on specific grounds or situational needs
o Unilateralism: relations between nations based on denying national independence of the
involved states
• Uncertainty and shocks are detrimental for the economy and people → attempts to reduce these
effects via establishment of a multilateral system/rules and coordination → important, but difficult
to achieve when nations have different interests and priorities

Session 2 – the international business environment
• Session 1: different national interest/priorities are a source of conflicts → county differences
• Differences in countries result is challenges for companies
o They might cause international conflict (temporary)
o They are a source of management complexity for internationally operating companies
(continuous) → government policies + relations with employees, customers and suppliers

What is a multinational enterprise
• Multinational enterprise = MNE = any business that had productive activities in two or more
countries
• The number of non-US MNE has risen since 1960
• The number of mini-MNE has risen since 1960
• Special forms
o Born globals: internationalized in less than 3 years
o Emerging market MNE’s: MNE that started their business in a developing nation

1
Principles to specify appropriate behavior without taking particular interests of parties into account
3
Shanti Langers

, • Internationalizing gets easier and les risky over time (globalization)

How is a multinational enterprise exposed to country differences?
Culture
• Culture = the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or
category of people from another
o Patterns of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, symbols, …
o Giving meaning to actions and behaviors
o Providing interpretations of situations
o Binding members together
o Defining/separating one group from other groups
o Publicly shared and accepted by a given group at a given time
o Beliefs and practices that are taken for granted
• Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

→ you can do sample mapping to see a certain link between characteristics; when there is generally
a large power distance in a country; there will also usually be more collectivism

• Understanding cultural differences is important for slogans, marketing campaigns, jokes, …
→ many examples of market exits associated with cultural issues (starbucks)
• Determinant of culture
o Education
o Religion
o Social structure
o Language
o Economic philosophy
o Political philosophy

4
Shanti Langers

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