100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Philosophy of Science - Summary, Tilburg University (7,5) €5,48
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Tilburg University (UVT)
  4.  
  5. Philosophy of Science

Samenvatting

Philosophy of Science - Summary, Tilburg University (7,5)
 5 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • Philosophy of Science
  • Instelling
  • Tilburg University (UVT)

A summary of the course Philosophy of Science. The summary consists of the lectures given by the two professors. If you have any questions, you can message me :)

Voorbeeld 4 van de 40  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 12 maart 2024
  • 40
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • tilburg
  • psychologie
  • psychology
  • philosophy
  • philosophy of science
  • summary
  • samenvatting

Geschreven voor

  • Tilburg University (UVT)
  • Psychologie
  • Philosophy of Science
Alle documenten voor dit vak (7)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
sabinevandenbrom

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Lecture 1
What is philosophy of science?
= this philosophical (critical) reflection on what science is, does, and how it generates knowledge

Why philosophy of science for psychologists?
 Psychology is a science
o Knowledge – why?
o Skills
 Is psychology a science?
 Is it justified that science has the monopoly on acquiring knowledge?
o Character
 Building of character

Better psychologists, better scientists, better citizens

Understanding society  advancing society

Epistemology
 = theory of knowledge
 Philosophy of science began with epistemology
 Epistemology asks three questions
o What is knowledge
o How can we justify that knowledge
o What is the source of knowledge
 Traditionally there are two views
o Rationalism = real knowledge is derive from the ratio, reason
o Empiricism = real knowledge comes from sensory experience

Is it possible to have real knowledge?
 Rationalism and empiricism say yes

What are we certain of?

Skepticism
 Socrates in the market square
 Ask difficult questions
o Always question about if you really know something  no
 Skepticism = perhaps the conclusion must even bet that we do not know anything at all and
never will
 Socrates is convicted

Rationalism
 General claim: real knowledge stems from our reason (= ration)
 Associated claim: there is innate knowledge (= nativism)
 Different views on rationalism
o Plato, Descartes etc.

Plato
 The source of knowledge is our reason
 To learn is to remember (= anamnesis)

,  There is no new knowledge – you do not learn anything
 Why did he claim this?
o Reincarnation
o Plato believed that before you were born, you had all real knowledge and you lost
that knowledge when you were born
 Using your ratio to recall the knowledge
 Plato made distinction: Episteme vs doxa
o Episteme = knowledge of how the things are
o Doxa = opinion about how the things are
 Plato: knowledge = justified and true belief
o Justification – You can explain how you know it is true
 Plato responds to Heraclitus
o Panta rhei = everything is a constant flux
o If in our world (= the world we perceive with our senses) everything changes
constantly, then nothing is
o And that means we can only acquire doxa, not episteme
o And that would amount to skepticism but Plato did not want that
 Plato’s allegory of the cave
o Ideas/forms exist apart from us in a world of ideas/forms
o Those ideas do not change
o The soul is akin to those ideas
o Acquiring knowledge is to remember these ideas – anamnesis
 Meno – book
o How do you double the surface of this square? Asking Meno the slave
o First Meno 4 doubles the surface
o Zeus (Plato) then makes another square which is double the surface and Meno say
now I remember how to double the surface - anamnesis
o This is obviously unacceptable: Socrates puts the slave of Meno words in the mouth
o This kind of rationalism is very extreme
o Descartes had a weaker version




Empiricism
 General claim: empiricists believe that the source of knowledge is the experience gained
through sensory perception
 This is a common sense view: if you want to know how something is, you have to look
 The general claim thus is that you gain knowledge from the experiences you have
 Greek: empeira
 Latin: experienta
 Associated claim: if all knowledge comes from experience via perception, there is no innate
knowledge
 There is a difference between empiricist and empirical
o ‘empiricist’ refers to empiricism, the opposite of rationalist
o ‘empirical’ refers to scientific method, which uses observational of experimental data
to infer conclusion about the world
 Empirical evidence is gained through observations or experiments
 Empirical is the opposite of purely hypothetical

,Aristotle
 Rejected Plato’s two-world theory – there is only one world and that is the one we can
perceive with our sense
 This also implies a rejection of innate ideas: man is a tabula rosa (= a blank wax tablet)
 Peripatetic principle
o Aristotle is the founder of the lyceum, where he taught while walking
o Hence Aquinas later called the empiricist principle peripatetic principle:
 Nil est in intellectu quod non prius in sensu fuerit
 Nothing is in the intellect which was not first in the senses
 The key to Aristotle’s epistemology is indeed sensory perception
 In this sense we can rightly call Aristotle an empiricist
 But he does have some rationalist elements in his ‘empiricist’ epistemology
 Universal concepts
o According to Plato the general idea chair is an entity existing in the world of ideas
o Aristotle rejects this
o Aristotle accepts only the existence of concrete, individual things (the individual
chair)
o How then do we arrive at a universal, abstract concept (thus the concept ‘chair’ that
applies to all individual chairs)?
 Induction
o Aristotle called the empirical procedure by which we move from the concrete to the
universal induction
o Take an abstract, general statement like ‘all humans are mortal’
o What you perceive are just real people, and you can establish that they are mortal
o Induction is concluding based on observation of some cases (but not all)
o Problem
 Are you sure that all humans are mortal?
 No: on the basis of observation alone one cannot tell that the abstract
general proposition ‘all humans are mortal’ is true – it’s just a correlation
 Yet Aristotle did believe that ‘all humans are mortal’ was necessarily true
 Aristotle’s solution
o Induction is therefore only a first step
o There is need for a second step: through our unfailing intellectual capacity of the
mind (nous) we can understand that abstractions like ‘all humans are mortal’ are
necessary truths
o This is intuitive induction (= understanding)
o But that is a rationalistic element in his epistemology
o When Aristotle had found a general statement, he was not very critical towards that
statement
o That is understandable: he thought he had established via intuitive induction that the
statement was true

The role of Aristotle in the late middle ages
 In the middle ages, the catholic church had a lot of power
 Issues relating to knowledge and reality were resolved either by quoting the bible or by
quoting Aristotle
 Two paths to the truth
o Revelation
o To use your good sense (and if anyone did, that was surely the pagan Aristotle)
 Thomas Aquinas
o Aquinas tried to unite Christian teaching with the pagan ideas of Aristotle

, o Example:
 Aristotle had a theory about matter and form
 Matter is potentially something
 The shape makes something that actual thing
 This is a process of creation and decay
o Aquinas argued that god has put this process of creation and decay in motion
o Aristotle’s unmoved mover (= the first cause)
 implication of the coupling of Aristotle to the bible
o one could not just simply disagree with Aristotle
o for what Aristotle had said was the truth that was in the bible
o so attacking Aristotle implied attacking the Bible
 experiments
o in modern science we perform experiments to learn about the natural world
o Aristotle did no experiments because he thought that they would not teach us
anything about the natural world
 Why did Aristotle hold these views?
o Aristotle wanted to acquire knowledge about the natural world
o He already had a classification of plant and animals
o He used the method of observation
o By manipulation we make the world go against the natural ways of things and as such
we do not learn anything about the natural world
 In the middle ages both philosophy and science (there was no difference back then) came
more or less to a halt

Lecture 2
Francis Bacon’s new method
 Bacon had no problem with questioning the Aristotelian worldview
 Against Aristotle, Bacon argued that we should use experiments to learn about the natural
world
 The new method
o We need to abandon our epistemic prejudices
 People have persistent epistemological biases
 Bacon speaks of idols or false conceptions
 These stand in the way of acquiring knowledge
 So we need to be wary not to use these prejudices
 It involves the following idols
 Idols of the tribe
o Prejudices we have as humans
o We tend to make typical human mistakes
o Bacon
 Seeing order and regularity where there is none
 The search for confirmation and ignoring refutations
of what you believe
 We see the sun go down (but that is not what
happens)
 Sailors that trust in the power of prayer
 Idols of the cave
o Prejudices that we have because we belong to a particular
group

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper sabinevandenbrom. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67619 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen

Laatst bekeken door jou

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

HIS-144 questions & Answers, 100% Accurate. Graded A+

Samenvatting ·

(0)

Características básicas de la Constitución Española

Samenvatting ·

(0)

Sammenvatting bio: Genetica: overerving en kruisingen

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

ACLS COMPLETE 2021 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED 100%

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Tennessee Boating License test with correct answers

Samenvatting ·

(2)

Samenvatting - Onderwijs in een gekleurde samenleving

Samenvatting ·

(3)

Samenvatting voor het vak 'facetten van de planologie'

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Burns Test Bank Exam Questions with Correct Answers

Overig ·

(18)

Examen B1-K1-W3 Stelt een verpleegplan op (Cijfer: 10!)

€5,48  5x  verkocht
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd