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The seven-step process in the hypothetico-deductive method ...........................16
DEDUCTIE & INDUCTIE ......................................................................................17
ALTERNATIEVE BENADERING TOT ONDERZOEK ...........................................................18
Positivisme .................................................................................................18
, HOE DE LITERATUURSTUDIE BENADEREN .................................................................26
Bronnen data sources ..................................................................................26
Zoeken naar literatuur .................................................................................28
Componenten van een theoretisch kader ........................................................37
ONTWIKKELING VAN HYPOTHESE...........................................................................37
Definitie van een hypothese ..........................................................................37
Statement of hypotheses: formats (verschillende soorten hypothese) ................38
Directionele vs. non-directionele hypothese (gericht vs. non gericht) .................38
Null- en alternatieve hypothese .....................................................................38
HYPOTHESIS TESTING MET KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK: NEGATIEVE CASE ANALYSE..................39
IMPLICATIES VOOR MANAGERS .............................................................................40
6 ELEMENTEN VAN RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................... 41
RESEARCH DESIGN ..........................................................................................41
MATE VAN INMENGING VAN DE ONDERZOEKER ...........................................................44
STUDY SETTING: CONTRIVED AND NONCONTRIVED......................................................44
ONDERZOEKSSTRATEGIEËN.................................................................................45
Observatie/etnografie ..................................................................................46
Case study .................................................................................................47
Grounded theory .........................................................................................47
Action research ...........................................................................................48
Unstructured and structured interviews ..........................................................58
Enkele tips om te volgen bij het interviewen ...................................................60
Face-to-face and telephone interviews ...........................................................62
Additional sources of bias in interview data .....................................................63
Computer-assisted interviewing ....................................................................63
REVIEW OF INTERVIEWING .................................................................................68
8 DATA COLLECTION METHODS: OBSERVATION ......................................... 69
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF RESEARCH .................................................................69
FOUR KEY DIMENSIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE TYPE OF OBSERVATION ............................69
Gecontroleerde versus ongecontroleerde observationele studies ........................69
Participant versus geen participant ................................................................70
Gestructureerd versus ongestructureerd .........................................................70
4
, Verborgen versus openlijke observatie ...........................................................70
Andere belangrijke dimensies .......................................................................71
Voorbeelden van observatie: ........................................................................71
TWO IMPORTANT APPROACHES TO OBSERVATION ........................................................72
Participerende observatie: Inleiding ...............................................................72
Het participerende aspect van participerende observatie ..................................73
Het observatie aspect van participerende observatie ........................................74
What to observe? ........................................................................................74
Mail & electronic questionnaires ....................................................................79
GUIDELINES FOR QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN (STAPPENPLAN) PLAN VAN AANPAK ......................81
Inhoud en doel van de vragen .......................................................................81
Taal en formulering van de vragen ................................................................82
Type en vorm van de vragen ........................................................................82
DE VOLGORDE VAN DE VRAGEN: ...........................................................................84
Classificatie gegevens of persoonlijke informatie: ............................................84
Principles of measurement ............................................................................84
General appearance or ‘setup’ of the questionnaire ..........................................85
Pretesting of structured questions .................................................................85
Elektronische vragenlijsten en survey ontwerp ................................................85
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF SURVEYS ...............................................................86
Special issues in instrumentation for cross-cultural research .............................86
Issues in data collection ...............................................................................86
REVIEW OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT DATA COLLECTION METHODS
AND WHEN TO USE EACH .............................................................................................87
Face –to-face interview: ...............................................................................87
, Persoonlijk een vragenlijst afleggen: ..............................................................87
Vragenlijsten per post en elektronische vragenlijsten: ......................................87
MULTIMETHODS OF DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................88
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................88
ETHICS IN DATA COLLECTION ..............................................................................88
Ex post facto designs ................................................................................99
Threats to validity in the previous experimental designs ................................99
11 MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES: OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ................. 103
HOW VARIABLES ARE MEASURED......................................................................... 103
OPERATIONALISEREN ...................................................................................... 104
Operationalization: dimensions and elements............................................. 105
Operationalizing the (multidimensional) concept of achievement motivation .. 105
Dimensies en elementen van motivatie om te presteren .............................. 106
De kijk van de positivist: ......................................................................... 107
6
, What operationalization is not .................................................................. 107
FOUR TYPES OF SCALES ................................................................................... 109
Nominal scale ........................................................................................ 110
Reasons for sampling .............................................................................. 128
Representativeness of samples ................................................................ 128
Normality of distributions ........................................................................ 129
THE SAMPLING PROCESS .................................................................................. 129
Defining the population: .......................................................................... 129
Determining the sample frame: ................................................................ 129
Determining the sample design: ............................................................... 130
Determining the sample size: .................................................................. 130
Executing the sampling process: .............................................................. 131
PROBABILITY SAMPLING ................................................................................... 131
Unrestricted or simple random sampling ................................................... 131
Restricted or complex probability sampling ................................................ 131
Voor- en nadelen van sampling designs .................................................... 136
Welk sampling design ga je kiezen? .......................................................... 138
EXAMPLES OF WHEN CERTAIN SAMPLING DESIGNS WOULD BE APPROPRIATE ....................... 139
ISSUES OF PRECISION AND CONFIDENCE IN DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE ........................... 140
Sample data, precision and confidence in estimation ................................... 141
Trade-off (afweging) between confidence and precision ............................... 142
SAMPLE DATA AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING ............................................................... 142
THE SAMPLE SIZE .......................................................................................... 142
Determining the sample size .................................................................... 142
Sample size and type II errors ................................................................. 142
Rules of thumb ...................................................................................... 143
8
, Efficiency in sampling ............................................................................. 143
SAMPLING AS RELATED TO QUALITATIVE STUDIES .................................................. 143
MANAGERIAL COMPLICATIONS ........................................................................ 144
14 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................... 144
DATA BEWERKEN ........................................................................................... 144
15 QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: HYPOTHESIS TESTING ...................... 144
16 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................. 145
DRIE STAPPEN IN KWALITATIEVE DATA ANALYSE (MILES, HUBERMAN): ............................ 145
Data reduction ....................................................................................... 146
Data display .......................................................................................... 148
Drawing conclusions ............................................................................... 148
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ............................................... 149
SOME OTHER METHODS OF GATHERING AND ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA ....................... 150
BIG DATA: .................................................................................................. 151
CASE STUDY RESEARCH (NIET IN HET HB) ..................................................... 152
17 THE RESEARCH REPORT......................................................................... 155
THE WRITTEN REPORT ..................................................................................... 155
The purpose of the written report ............................................................. 155
The audience for the written report........................................................... 156
Characteristics of a well-written report ...................................................... 156
CONTENTS OF THE RESEARCH REPORT .................................................................. 156
The title and title page ............................................................................ 156
The executive summary or abstract .......................................................... 157
Table of contents .................................................................................... 157
List of tables, figures, and other materials ................................................. 157
Preface ................................................................................................. 157
The autorization letter............................................................................. 157
The introductory section .......................................................................... 158
The body of the report ............................................................................ 159
9
, The final part of the report ...................................................................... 159
ORAL PRESENTATION ...................................................................................... 160
Deciding on the content .......................................................................... 160
Visual aids ............................................................................................. 160
The presenter ........................................................................................ 160
The presentation .................................................................................... 160
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