introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Final competencies ........................................................................................................................... 4
Origin and concepts ............................................................................................................................. 5
history .................................................................................................................................................. 5
The origin ......................................................................................................................................... 5
evolution ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Definitions and concepts ............................................................................................................ 10
Victimological perspectives and typologies ................................................................................... 12
introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 12
science and humanism ............................................................................................................... 12
The positivist perspective ................................................................................................................ 12
The radical perspective .................................................................................................................. 14
The feminist perspective ................................................................................................................. 16
1. Feminist Empiricism................................................................................................................... 16
2. Feminist Standpoint ................................................................................................................. 17
3. Postmodern Feminism............................................................................................................. 17
The critical perspective ................................................................................................................... 17
Hodgepodge? ............................................................................................................................. 18
Etiological victimology and the relationship between victimization and perception of
insecurity ............................................................................................................................................... 20
. First victimological studies ............................................................................................................. 20
Etiological victimology ................................................................................................................ 20
Hans von Hentig’s victim typology ............................................................................................ 20
Schafer’s victim precipitation typology .................................................................................... 21
Classical theories .......................................................................................................................... 21
Measurement of victimization ........................................................................................................... 27
Registered crime .............................................................................................................................. 27
Funneling proces .......................................................................................................................... 27
Hidden crime .................................................................................................................................... 32
History ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Criminological utility of victimization surveys ............................................................................ 34
Weaknesses of victimization surveys .......................................................................................... 34
Victim surveys: the safety monitor ..................................................................................................... 39
The Safety Monitor ........................................................................................................................... 39
The Safety Monitor: modules ...................................................................................................... 39
1
, The Safety Monitor: sampling ..................................................................................................... 40
The Safety Monitor: various sweeps ........................................................................................... 40
Results from the Safety Monitor .................................................................................................. 42
Broken windows ........................................................................................................................... 46
MODULE VICTIMIZATION AND REPORTING BEHAVIOR ............................................................. 46
MODULE POLICE PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................... 48
In summary ....................................................................................................................................... 51
New Safety Monitor 2025? .......................................................................................................... 51
The victim and the societal reaction ................................................................................................ 52
The victim and the social construct .............................................................................................. 52
Gaining victim status ....................................................................................................................... 53
. The ‘ideal’ victim ........................................................................................................................ 53
The ‘cult’ of ‘true’ victimhood .................................................................................................... 56
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 56
Societal reactions to victims ........................................................................................................... 57
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 58
The consequences of victimhood .................................................................................................... 59
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 59
Consequences of victimhood ....................................................................................................... 59
Psychological ............................................................................................................................... 59
Emotional ...................................................................................................................................... 60
Behavioral ..................................................................................................................................... 62
Physical .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Financial ........................................................................................................................................ 62
Factors influencing the severity of the consequences ............................................................... 63
Pre-victimization. .......................................................................................................................... 63
Factors associated with the event............................................................................................. 63
Post-victimization.......................................................................................................................... 63
Support and coping. ................................................................................................................... 64
Diversity among victims .................................................................................................................. 64
Ethnic minorities. ........................................................................................................................... 64
Belief systems and victimhood – ethnic minorities ................................................................... 65
Critical analysis of dominant knowledge construction. .......................................................... 65
Restorative justice ............................................................................................................................... 67
The societal context ........................................................................................................................ 67
The concept ..................................................................................................................................... 68
Programs ........................................................................................................................................... 69
2
, Limitations, challenges, and unanswered questions .................................................................. 71
Verbal Violence, Hate Speech, and Hate Crimes .......................................................................... 73
Verbal violence................................................................................................................................ 73
Hate Speech .................................................................................................................................... 73
Hate Crimes ...................................................................................................................................... 75
Victims in the Criminal Justice System .............................................................................................. 79
Victims in the Criminal Justice System ........................................................................................... 79
Detection and prosecution ........................................................................................................ 79
Sentencing .................................................................................................................................... 80
Execution of the Sentence ......................................................................................................... 80
Execution of Penalties ................................................................................................................. 81
The needs of victims ........................................................................................................................ 82
Victim support .................................................................................................................................. 83
victim treatment ........................................................................................................................... 84
Evaluation of the victim policy....................................................................................................... 89
Referral Model .............................................................................................................................. 90
3
, VICTIMOLOGY
Academiejaar 2023 – 2024
INTRODUCTION
FINAL COMPETENCIES
1. Thorough knowledge of victimological theory, perspectives, and research traditions
2. Understanding and correctly using discipline-specific terminology
3. Critically following, interpreting, and assessing victimological sources
4. Analyzing victimological phenomena and responses critically from various theoretical
frameworks
5. Critically analyzing and reflecting on legislative and policy developments
6. Being aware of the societal role and responsibility of a criminologist, and
understanding the social, economic, historical, and political context of different
approaches to victims
7. Respecting cultural differences, pluralism, gender, and ethical standards
8. Being open to insights from other knowledge domains in approaching victimological
issues
9. Having knowledge regarding the etiology of victimology and the etiology of
perceptions of insecurity.
There is some READER MATERIAL THAT U HAVE TO READ!!! → no details tho
The origins of criminology → the offender. How can we prevent something from happening.
40’s → looking at the victims.
• Also looking at victimology from different perspectives!
• Concepts need to be discussed and clarified.
4
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