Inhoud
European and
1 Schengen & European Union....................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Introduction to European JHA integration..........................................................................................................6
1.1.1 JHA policy ereas........................................................................................................................................6
2023 - 2024
International
1.1.2 Principal JHA cooperation levels..............................................................................................................6
1.1.3 Council of Europe.....................................................................................................................................6
Justice, Home
1.1.4 EC/EU institutional framework.................................................................................................................8
1.1.5 European Economic community..............................................................................................................8
Affairs and
1.2 Schengen.............................................................................................................................................................9
1.2.1 Background...............................................................................................................................................9
1.2.2 Schengen (we need to have general knowledge of members EU/Schengen).........................................9
Security Policy
1.3 European Political Cooperation (ECP) – Maastricht Treaty..............................................................................13
1.3.1 European Political Co-operation............................................................................................................13
Prof. Gert Vermeulen
1.3.2 TEU – Maastricht – Three pilLars...........................................................................................................14
1.3.3 TEU – Maastricht – JHA areas................................................................................................................14
1.3.4 visual suport – from EC/ECP to EU (maastricht)....................................................................................14
1.3.5 TEU – post-Amsterdam – main changes................................................................................................16
1.3.6 TEU – post-Amsterdam – main changes................................................................................................16
1.3.7 TEU – post-Amsterdam – legal instruments..........................................................................................17
1.3.8 TEU – Post-AMsterdam – AFSJ (=Area of Freedom, Security and Justice) – closer cooperation..........17
1.3.9 TEU – Post-Amsterdam – Police co-operation.......................................................................................17
1.3.10 TEU – Post-Amsterdam – judicial co-operation...................................................................................18
1.3.11 TEU – Post-Nice....................................................................................................................................18
1.3.12 European Constitution.........................................................................................................................19
1.4 European Union – Institutions..........................................................................................................................20
1.4.1 European Council...................................................................................................................................20
1.4.2 Council....................................................................................................................................................23
1.4.3 European Commission............................................................................................................................23
1.4.4 Parliament..............................................................................................................................................24
1.4.5 Court (1 voorbeeld van selection of relevant case law te kennen).......................................................24
1.5 EU – Policies......................................................................................................................................................26
1.5.1 Market....................................................................................................................................................26
1.5.2 Intra migration and immigration............................................................................................................27
1.5.3 Asylum....................................................................................................................................................29
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1.5.4 Judicial cooperation...............................................................................................................................30
1.5.5 Police cooperation..................................................................................................................................32
1.6 EU Foreign and Security Policy..........................................................................................................................34
2 NATO & OSCE............................................................................................................................................ 52
2.1 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)......................................................................................................52
2.1.1 Historic development.............................................................................................................................52
2.1.2 Institutions..............................................................................................................................................55
2.1.3 Policy Domains.......................................................................................................................................56
2.1.4 Summary................................................................................................................................................57
2.2 OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe)..........................................................................58
2.2.1 Origin and development........................................................................................................................58
2.2.2 Cooperation............................................................................................................................................58
2.2.3 Institutional............................................................................................................................................59
2.2.4 Summary................................................................................................................................................60
3 Benelux 61
3.1.1 Orgin and development.........................................................................................................................61
3.1.2 Cooperation............................................................................................................................................61
3.1.3 Senningen Consultation.........................................................................................................................62
3.1.4 Orgin and development + coopereation................................................................................................63
3.1.5 Institutional............................................................................................................................................63
3.1.6 Today’s media........................................................................................................................................64
3.1.7 Summary................................................................................................................................................64
4 Council of Europe...................................................................................................................................... 65
4.1.1 History....................................................................................................................................................65
4.1.2 Human Rights.........................................................................................................................................65
4.1.3 Rule of law..............................................................................................................................................66
4.1.4 Democracy..............................................................................................................................................67
4.1.5 Institutions..............................................................................................................................................67
4.1.6 Summary................................................................................................................................................68
5 OECD 69
5.1 History...............................................................................................................................................................69
5.2 Functioning........................................................................................................................................................69
5.3 Institutions.........................................................................................................................................................70
5.3.1 Council....................................................................................................................................................70
5.3.2 Secretariat..............................................................................................................................................70
5.3.3 FATF........................................................................................................................................................70
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5.4 Summary...........................................................................................................................................................70
6 G7/G20 72
6.1 History...............................................................................................................................................................72
6.2 Functioning........................................................................................................................................................72
6.3 Policy 73
7 FATF (Financial Action Task Force)............................................................................................................. 74
7.1 History...............................................................................................................................................................74
7.2 Functioning........................................................................................................................................................74
8 United Nations.......................................................................................................................................... 75
8.1 History...............................................................................................................................................................75
8.2 Policy (5 topics).................................................................................................................................................75
8.2.1 Peace & Security (main topic)................................................................................................................75
8.2.2 Development..........................................................................................................................................76
8.2.3 Human Rights.........................................................................................................................................76
8.2.4 Humanitarian affairs...............................................................................................................................76
8.2.5 International Law...................................................................................................................................76
8.3 Institutions.........................................................................................................................................................77
8.3.1 General Assembly...................................................................................................................................77
8.3.2 Security Council......................................................................................................................................78
8.3.3 Tribunals.................................................................................................................................................79
8.3.4 EcoSoc....................................................................................................................................................80
8.3.5 Sec. General face of the organisation (not decision maker!)................................................................80
8.4 Summary...........................................................................................................................................................80
2 Schengen & European Union.......................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction to European JHA integration...............................................................................................4
2.1.1 JHA policy ereas................................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 Principal JHA cooperation levels.......................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Council of Europe..............................................................................................................................4
2.1.4 EC/EU institutional framework.........................................................................................................6
2.1.5 European Economic community.......................................................................................................6
2.2 Schengen..................................................................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Schengen (we need to have general knowledge of members EU/Schengen)..................................7
2.3 European Political Cooperation (ECP) – Maastricht Treaty...................................................................11
2.3.1 European Political Co-operation.....................................................................................................11
2.3.2 TEU – Maastricht – Three pilLars....................................................................................................12
2.3.3 TEU – Maastricht – JHA areas.........................................................................................................12
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2.3.4 visual suport – from EC/ECP to EU (maastricht).............................................................................12
2.4 Amsterdam, Nice, Constitutional and Lisbon Treaties..........................................................................14
2.4.1 TEU – post-Amsterdam – main changes.........................................................................................14
2.4.2 TEU – post-Amsterdam – main changes.........................................................................................14
2.4.3 TEU – post-Amsterdam – legal instruments...................................................................................15
2.4.4 TEU – Post-AMsterdam – AFSJ – closer cooperation......................................................................15
2.4.5 TEU – Post-Amsterdam – Police co-operation................................................................................15
2.4.6 TEU – Post-Amsterdam – judicial co-operation..............................................................................16
2.4.7 TEU – Post-Nice...............................................................................................................................16
2.4.8 European Constitution....................................................................................................................17
2.5 European Union – Institutions...............................................................................................................18
2.5.1 European Council............................................................................................................................18
2.5.2 Council.............................................................................................................................................21
2.5.3 European Commission....................................................................................................................21
2.5.4 Parliament.......................................................................................................................................21
2.5.5 Court................................................................................................................................................22
2.6 EU – Policies...........................................................................................................................................24
2.6.1 Market.............................................................................................................................................24
2.6.2 Intra migration and immigration....................................................................................................25
2.6.3 Asylum.............................................................................................................................................27
2.6.4 Judicial cooperation........................................................................................................................28
2.6.5 Police cooperation..........................................................................................................................30
2.7 EU Foreign and Security Policy...............................................................................................................31
3 NATO & OSCE.............................................................................................................................. 32
3.1 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)...........................................................................................32
3.1.1 Historic development......................................................................................................................32
3.1.2 Institutions......................................................................................................................................35
3.1.3 Policy Domains................................................................................................................................36
3.1.4 Summary.........................................................................................................................................37
3.2 OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe)...............................................................38
3.2.1 Origin and development.................................................................................................................38
3.2.2 Cooperation....................................................................................................................................38
3.2.3 Institutional.....................................................................................................................................39
3.2.4 Summary.........................................................................................................................................39
4 Benelux....................................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.1 Orgin and development..................................................................................................................40
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4.1.2 Cooperation....................................................................................................................................40
4.1.3 Senningen Consultation..................................................................................................................41
4.1.4 Orgin and development + coopereation.........................................................................................42
4.1.5 Institutional.....................................................................................................................................42
4.1.6 Today’s media.................................................................................................................................43
4.1.7 Summary.........................................................................................................................................43
5 Council of Europe......................................................................................................................... 44
5.1.1 History.............................................................................................................................................44
5.1.2 Human Rights..................................................................................................................................44
5.1.3 Rule of law.......................................................................................................................................45
5.1.4 Democracy......................................................................................................................................46
5.1.5 Institutions......................................................................................................................................46
5.1.6 Summary.........................................................................................................................................47
6 OECD........................................................................................................................................... 48
6.1 History....................................................................................................................................................48
6.2 Functioning.............................................................................................................................................48
6.3 Institutions.............................................................................................................................................49
6.3.1 Council.............................................................................................................................................49
6.3.2 Secretariat.......................................................................................................................................49
6.3.3 FATF.................................................................................................................................................49
6.4 Summary................................................................................................................................................49
7 G7/G20........................................................................................................................................ 50
7.1 History....................................................................................................................................................50
7.2 Functioning.............................................................................................................................................50
7.3 Policy......................................................................................................................................................51
8 FATF (Financial Action Task Force)................................................................................................52
8.1 History....................................................................................................................................................52
8.2 Functioning.............................................................................................................................................52
9 United Nations............................................................................................................................. 53
9.1 History....................................................................................................................................................53
9.2 Policy (5 topics)......................................................................................................................................53
9.2.1 Peace & Security (main topic).........................................................................................................53
9.2.2 Development...................................................................................................................................54
9.2.3 Human Rights..................................................................................................................................54
9.2.4 Humanitarian affairs.......................................................................................................................54
9.2.5 International Law............................................................................................................................54
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9.3 Institutions.............................................................................................................................................55
9.3.1 General Assembly............................................................................................................................55
9.3.2 Security Council...............................................................................................................................56
9.3.3 Tribunals..........................................................................................................................................57
9.3.4 EcoSoc.............................................................................................................................................58
9.3.5 Sec. General face of the organisation (not decision maker!)....................................................58
9.4 Summary................................................................................................................................................58
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1 SCHENGEN & EUROPEAN UNION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN JHA INTEGRATION
1.1.1 JHA POLICY EREAS
- JHA = umbrella term for justice and home affairs
o Asylum, migration, border-crossing …
- (Judicial cooperation in civil matters) --> less relevant for us
- Criminal law/policy
o Substantive criminal law offences and penalisation/punishments
Welke gedragingen worden strafbaar gesteld
o Criminal procedural law rules of play (Wie mag wat doen)
o International co-operation in criminal matters
Judicial co-operation
Police and customs (law enforcement) co-operation
o Historically: the competence of the EU has been widened to include international co-
operation in criminal matters (Lisbon treaty= some aspects of criminal law being included)
- ‘Security’
o Justice and home affairs are related to security
o Bv. Border crossing: if we protect our borders then it adds to the safety and security withing
the borders) underlines the Schengen idea
1.1.2 PRINCIPAL JHA COOPERATION LEVELS
- Levels
o Council of Europe (hereafter: CoE) (limited unless for EIJHAS course)
o European Union (EU)
o Schengen (including Prüm)
o Benelux, NATO, OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN (EIJHAS course only)
o handbook: origin and historical development, institutional structure and functioning, policy,
(selective bibliography)
- Transversal European JHA integration overview
o Transversal, i.e. cross-level character
o Rationale: institutional and policy dynamics are interwoven
o Not (entirely) following handbook/paragraph order
1.1.3 COUNCIL OF EUROPE
1.1.3.1 DEVELOPMENT & MANDATE
- 1949
- 1950 ECHR (= European Convention of Human Rights aka mensenrechten conventie) | ECtHR
- Today: 46 countries
o Russian Federation: 28 February 1996 - 15 March 2022
- Intergovermental cooperation (= verschillende OHinstanties op verschillende beleidsniveaus)
- Legal instruments
o Conventions, resolutions, recommendation
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o Conventions: seemingly strong, still weaknesses
- Broad mandate, including penal matters
- Judicial co-operation in criminal matters (mother conventions)
- Judicial co-operation in criminal matters & criminal policy (including aspects of substantive criminal
law and criminal procedural law) with regard to specific topics and/or particular offences
Establishment of the council of europe:
- =/ european union
- = 46 countries: all EU member states are also counsel of Europe members
- It’s intergovernmental!
o All parties co-operate with each other, there is no legislative power that countries hold over
each other
- They can conclude a convention, they draft it over the year, they will accept the convention, they will
open it up for signatures and ratification (declare internationally that they are willing to be bound by
the convention)
- Also a parliamentary assembly: they give resolutions and recommendations but they are not binding
- A lot of moral power, soft texst, hard law can only be hard if states want them to be hard laws (that’s
when they ratify the conventions)
- Sometimes when states ratify; they will formulate exceptions bv i ratify but not clause 3 strong but
it all depends on the weakest part in the chain
History
- After WOII
- 1949: officially established (by Winston Churchill) to unite Europe to prevent another war
- In the meantime European convention
- Strasburg court to oversee overall view of conventions and to handle the violations to the conventions
- If a country doesn’t adhere the conventions, we sort of exclude them for example Russian Federation
- Mother conventions: the most important ones, revolutionary (bv the cyber crime convention 2001)
they are still used, they are still important
1.1.3.2 JUDICIAL COOPERATION
- Mother conventions in criminal matters
o 1957 European Convention on Extradition | 3 Protocols
o 1959 European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters | 2 Protocols
o 1964 European Convention on Supervision of Conditionally Sentenced/Released Offenders
o 1970 European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgements
o 1972 European Convention on Transfer of Proceedings
o 1983 Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons | Protocol
o 1990 Laundering Convention | Protocol
o 2001 Cybercrime Convention | Protocol
o …
- Not the full list, it’s more of a snapshot list
- In the context of mutual assistance there is almost no limit: video conferences, wishing a prisoner
from another country to come to Belgium, to interrogate, ...
- Transfer of Proceedings is only ratified by half of the members by the council of Europe: Belgium has
not ratified it it’s far-fetched because a Belgium prosecutor can then pass the prosecute on to for
example an Azerbaijan prosecutor.
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- Japan and Australia =/ Europe BUT they also ratified the cybercrime convention they also follow the
convention
1.1.3.3 CRIME & CRIMINAL POLICY
- Judicial co-operation in criminal matters /criminal policy with regard to specific topics and/or
particular offences (sometimes part of the JHA acquis)
- Computer-related crime & criminal procedural law connected with it, corruption, crimes against
humanity/war crimes, criminal policy/justice in general, cultural property, data protection, DNA,
drugs, environmental crime, firearms, intimidation of witnesses/rights of the defence,
intolerance/racism and xenophobia, mediation, prison, road traffic, sanctions, (sexual) offences
against minors, terrorism, (victims of) violence
- This list is endless bv AI, DNA evidence, violence, possession of children, ...
1.1.4 EC/EU INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
- EC (European Commynity)- Treaties: establishing the
o European Coal and Steel Community (1951)
o European Atomic Energy Community (1957)
o European Economic Community (1957) (TEC)
- Espace judiciaire Europeén/European Political Co-operation
o Between the Member States, outside the formal framework of the European Communities
- Treaty on European Union (TEU) (Maastricht Treaty, February 1992)
- Amsterdam Treaty (October 1997)
o Changes TEC and TEU, integrates Schengen acquis (Schengen protocol)
- Nice Treaty (February 2001)
- European Constitution (2004)
- Lisbon/Reform Treaty (2007) (from TEU/TEC to TEU/TFEU)
- Historical overview of the development of council of Europe
- Weaknesses of council of Europe (it can do a lot, it can give hard law, it can bound states BUT it is
intergovernmental because the countries need to ratify it)
- Coal and steel needed to be under international law (intergovernmental was too weak)
- The same happened a few years later for atomic energy and economic community
3 treaties created on supernational level
- Three domains/communities (coal and steel, atomic energy and economy), last one is a step up to
criminal policy
- Before Maastricht they are allowed to co-operate intergovernmental
- Maastricht treaty: establishing European union (Supernational and intergovernmental are both
included in the EU)
- Changes by Nice, European and Lisbon treaties
- Schengen started as a separate idea but it was integrated to EU thanks to protocol and Amsterdam
1.1.5 EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
- Realisation of an internal market
o Area without internal borders in which the free movement of goods, capital, services and
people is guaranteed
- Focus on economic and monetary integration
- There is no immediate link with justice or criminal law however: competence to combat fraud against
the EC budget on an administrative level
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o (They start unsuccessfully pushing for some criminal law competence, later more successful)
1.2 SCHENGEN
One of the first ever European in which rules of police, corporation and data protection on that scale.
1.2.1 BACKGROUND
1.2.1.1 COE + EC/EU INTEGRATION HISTORY
- Council of Europe
- EC - Treaties Establishing the:
o European Coal and Steel Community (1951)
o European Atomic Energy Community (1957)
o European Economic Community (1957) (TEC)
1984 Europen Single Act: internal market by 1992, i.e. area without internal borders
in which the free movement of goods, capital, services and persons is guaranteed
- Espace judiciaire Europeén/European Political Co-operation
o Between the MS, outside the formal framework of the European Communities
- Treaty on European Union (TEU) (Maastricht Treaty, February 1992)
- Amsterdam Treaty (October 1997)
o Changes TEC and TEU, integrates Schengen acquis (Schengen protocol)
- Nice Treaty (February 2001)
- [European Constitution (2004)]
- Lisbon/Reform Treaty (2007) (from TEU/TEC to TEU/TFEU)
Schengen founded by France, Germany and BENELUX
1.2.2 SCHENGEN (WE NEED TO HAVE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE OF MEMBERS EU/SCHENGEN)
- 1985 initial agreement
o Extension 1984 FR-DE Saarbrücken agreement
o Gradual abolition (= afschaffing) checks at the internal border(s)
o = beyond free movement of persons as an EC notion
- 1990 Schengen Implementation Convention (SIC) --> kept up to date but limited fields, supl
o Creation external border
o Schengen policy short term residence + Schengen visa
Later: link with VIS, since 2021 also for long term visa
o Single MS (first entry) for processing asylum requests
Advance link with Dublin system | later: link with Eurodac (2000/2003)
o SIS (NSIS/CSIS/Sirene) + data protection (zo snel goedgekeurd want vereiste bij Schengen)
SIS = Schengen Information System
Sirene system: SIC kept up to date, limited fields, supplied with back up information
through the states at the international entrée
o Carrier liability + overnight stay registration
Conceptually they come down to a privatization of control
Before Schengen you could book a hotel and they wouldn’t ask your ID, now the
store the information because the law obliges them to do that
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