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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 5350 EXAM 1 UNITS 1-4

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 5350

What are the two major classes of living cells? Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes What is a Prokaryote cell? Characterized by a LACK of distinct nucleus. What are examples of Prokaryotes? Cyanbacteria, Bacteria, and Rickettsiae. What is a Eukaryote cell? Cells WITH A WELL-DEFINED NUCLEUS and membra...

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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 5350 EXAM 1
UNITS 1-4

What are the two major classes of living cells?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What is a Prokaryote cell?
Characterized by a LACK of distinct nucleus.
What are examples of Prokaryotes?
Cyanbacteria, Bacteria, and Rickettsiae.
What is a Eukaryote cell?
Cells WITH A WELL-DEFINED NUCLEUS and membrane bound organelles.
What are examples of Eukaroytes?
Higher animals, Plants, Fungi, and Protozoa.
What are the cellular functions?
movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration,
reproduction, communication.
What are the three general components of Eukaroytes?
Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasma, and Intracellular organelles.
What is the function of the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells?
Cell division and control of genetic information.
What is the function of the cytoplamsa in Eukaroytic cell?
EGG WHITE
Fills the space between the nucleus and cell membrane.

Transports waste, metabolic processes, motility, and storage.
Function of the Ribsomes in Eukaryotic cell?
Synthesizes proteins and signaling.
Function of the endoplasmic reticulum in Eukaroytic cell?
Protein synthesis and senses cellular stress.

,Function of the Mitochondria in Eukaroytic cell?
Power stations that produce energy.
Function of the golgi complex in Eukaroytic cell?
Refining plant
Directs traffic especially transports proteins in and out of the cell.
Function of lysomes in Eukaroytic cell?
PAC MAN
Eat anything in front of it, digestion, and nutrient signaling.
What are peroxisomes? (Cellular parts)
Major sites of oxygen utilization and help nerve myelination.
What is the Cytsol? (Cellular Parts)
55% cell volume, storage, and metabolizes enzymes.
What is the cytoskeleto? (Cell parts)
The bones and muscles of the cell. Maintains cell shape, movement in and around cell.
What is the plamsa membrane? (Cell Parts)
Encases the cell, has transport systems, cell to cell recognition, and allows lipids to
leave and transport things on hormones.
Which cell has a polar end and non-polar end?
Eukaryotic cells.
Membrane composition of Eukaroytic cells/higher cells?
Made up of PROTEINS.
Made from a chain of amino acids known as POLYPEPTIDES.

"WORKHORSES" of the cell.

Functions: Receptors, transporters, enzymes, surface markers, adhesion molecules,
and catalysts.
What is the proteolytic cascade with Eukaroytic cells?
How proteins breakdown and move.
Tightly orchestrated sequence of events that cause the breakdown of protein.
What is Apoptosis with Eukaroytic cells?

,Pre-programmed cell death.
Every cell has an expiration date.
RBCs 90 day expiration.
What are the cellular receptors with Eukaroytic cells?
Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in cytoplasma, or in nucleus.

Plasma membrane receptors: Make availability for membranes (EGG CARTON)
Ligands: (BROKEN EGG STUCK IN CARTON): determine how cells bind or signals not
to bind in surface or cell.
What are the three mechanisms that bind cells together?
Extracellular matrix, cell adhesion cells, and specialized cell junctions.
What is the extracellular matrix and what are examples?
Mesh of fibrous proteins: fibroblasts, hyaluronic acid, collagen (watery gel-like
substance in complex carbs.

These regulate cell growth movement, and differentiation.
Extracellular matrix and basement membranes?
(BASAL LAMINA) Lies beneath epithelial cells, surrounds individual cells, muscles, fat.

Fat cells sticking together in basal lamina is why you don't lose cellulite.
Surface proteins that bind to adjacent cells.
EX: Immunoglobulin (Ig) Superfamiy.
Adhesion cells or cell adhesion molecules.
Hold cells together (Epithelial cells and has special kinds of CHEMICAL connections.
Specialized Cell Junctions
Signal transduction: First messengers?
Signals one way (Conveys instructions to cells interior).
Signal transduction: Second messengers?
Signals two ways.
(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Calcium (Ca)
What are the two main processes associated with cellular metabolism? And why?

, Anabolism and Catabolism.

Provides the cell with energy.
What is Anabolism?
Energy metabolism or energy moving forward.
What is Catabolism?
Energy releasing process of metabolism (Energy moving down). Energy is released
from the cell in a form called ATP (FUEL OF THE CELL).
What is the role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
Cell fuel: storage of energy and transport of energy.

ATP/Fuel is created when molecules of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are
catabolized.

ATP is used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contractions, and active
transport.
What is the citric acid cycle also known as?
Krebs cycle.
What is the Kreb Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycyle (TCA)?
Occurs in the mitochondria.

Mechanism by which energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is
transferred to ATP (Fuel).
Membrane transport: Passive transport?
Occurs when water and small, electrically charged molecules move through pores.
DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY.
Membrane transport: Active transport?
REQUIRES LIFE AND ENERGY and occurs across membranes that flow upwards.
What is the biggest TWO-WAY channel messenger?
Calcium (Ca).
Membrane Transport: Solutes?
Dissolved substances.
What is diffusion in Passive transport?

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