SPCE 630 Exam 1 preparation Questions and answers latest update
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SPCE 630 Exam 1 preparation Questions and answers latest update
applied research
involves systematic investigation related to the pursuit of knowledge in practical realms or to solve real world problems.
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose ef...
SPCE 630 Exam 1 preparation Questions and
answers latest update
applied research
involves systematic investigation related to the pursuit of knowledge in practical realms or to solve
real world problems.
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent
variable.
Skinner and Bijou
through their work, a system of behavior analysis has been developed that includes a philosophy of
behavior development, a general theory, methods for translating theory into practice, and a specific
research methodology.
internal validity
a study with adequate mechanisms for ensuring that outcomes are related to your intervention
procedures rather than extraneous factors is said to have this.
experimental control
studies with high levels of internal validity allow researchers to demonstrate this-- to show that the
experimental procedures (intervention) and only the experimental procedures are responsible for
behavior change.
functional relation
when experimental control is demonstrated, we have verified that there is this between the
independent and dependent variables. The chance in the dependent behavior is causally related to
the implementation of the independent variable
evidence-based practice
refers to intervention procedures that have been scientifically verified as being effective for changing
a specific behavior of interest, under given conditions, and for particular participants.
Horner et al. (2005) definition of practice
Horner et al defined this as it relates to education as a "curriculum, behavioral intervention, systems
change, or educational approach designed to be used by families, educators, or students with the
express expectation that implementation will result in measurable educational, social, behavioral, or
physical benefit.
what constitutes evidence that supports implementation of a particular practice?
the research question should determine the research method (group, single case, or qualitative) and
design chosen. credibility of research findings is based on the rigor of the scientific method employed
and the extent to which the research design controls for alternative explanations.
,reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings
What Works Clearinghouse (WWC)
The US department of education's institute of education sciences established this, which informs
stakeholders by providing a source of information regarding scientific evidence of effectiveness for
education practices that could be used to encourage making informed and data based decisions and
in turn improve child outcomes.
experimental studies
include descriptions of the target behavior/s b) predictions regarding what impact the independent
variable will have on the dependent variable, and c) appropriate tests to see if the prediction is
correct.
what differentness an experimental design study from a quasi-experimental design study
the extent to which the design controls for threats to internal validity- variables other than the
planned independent variable that could result in changes in the dependent variable
threats to internal validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Diffusion of treatment
Regression towards the mean
Selection bias
Attrition
variables other than the planned independent variable that could result in changes in the dependent
variable.
experimental group design studies
participants are randomly assigned to a study condition (experimental group or control group;
intervention A or intervention B)
if the prediction proves true, it is said there is a functional relationship between independent and
dependent variables
quasi experimental group design studies
do not use random assignment of participants but other strategies to control for differences in study
group composition
SCD
this can be experimental, but randomization of participants is neither feasible. randomization only
functions to control for differences between groups when the numbers of participants is very large (N
= 50 or greater)
correlational design studies
, like experimental and quasi-experimental design studies, predict and describe the relation between
independent and dependent variables; in these studies, there is no manipulation of the independent
variable by the investigator. such studies represent a quantitative descriptive research approach in
which the relation between variables is established by using a correlation coefficient
practices supported by correlational evidence are deemed less trustworthy than those supported by
experimental and quasi studies.
nomothetic
research approaches are generally based in the natural sciences and are characterized by attempting
to explain associations that can be generalized to a group given certain characteristics
idiographic
approaches to research, common in the humanities, attempt to specify associations that vary based
on certain characteristics or contingencies present for the participant or case of interest
characteristics of group design
large number of individuals are divided and assigned to one of two or more study conditions. the
study includes a control condition, in which participants are not exposed to the independent variable,
and treatment condition, in which participants are exposed to the independent variable. participants
can also be divided into two treatment groups.
in some of these studies, more than two conditions can be compared.
critical component to consider when evaluating a group design study is how participants are assigned
to study conditions. the optimal method is random assignment of participants (experimental study),
but this is not always possible.
fundamentals of group design, experimental, and quasi
it is fundamental that groups of participants assigned to each study condition are equivalent on key
characteristics or status variables (age, gender, ethnicity, etc). at the start of the group study.
group research approach
most common research methodology used in some areas of behavioral science. these are well suited
for large scale efficacy studies or clinical trials in which a researcher's interest is in describing whether
a practice or policy with a specific population, on average, will be effective
qualitative research
refers to a number of descriptive research approaches that investigate the quality of relationships,
activities, situations, or materials.
case study approach
entails an in depth and detailed description of one or more cases, while ethnography refers to the
study of culture, and phenomenology is the study of people's reactions and perceptions of a particular
event or situation
qualitative research
researchers who use this approach collect data and describe themes or trends in the data without
offering a theory, an approach known as inductive analysis
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