Table of Contents
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 (Almaz Sullivan).....................................................................................................................3
Part 1: Culture..................................................................................................................................3
Defining culture.............................................................................................................................3
Elements of culture........................................................................................................................3
Mental programming.....................................................................................................................4
Sources of differences between countries and groups..................................................................5
Part 2: Identity..................................................................................................................................6
Social Identity Wheel.....................................................................................................................6
Identities influence on workplace decision-making.......................................................................6
Exploring dimensions of your identity...........................................................................................7
Personal and social identity in business and culture......................................................................7
What is the impact of identity in business and culture?................................................................7
Part 3: Cultural iceberg.....................................................................................................................8
Cultural “onion”.............................................................................................................................8
Cultural “iceberg”..........................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2 (Paul Nchu Ngang).................................................................................................................9
Part 1: The Lewis Model...................................................................................................................9
Linear-active culture......................................................................................................................9
Multi-active culture.....................................................................................................................10
Reactive culture...........................................................................................................................10
Shows us......................................................................................................................................11
Can help us..................................................................................................................................11
Lewis Model applied....................................................................................................................11
Applying the Lewis Model when marketing across different cultures.........................................12
Applying the Lewis Model when negotiating across different cultures.......................................12
Part 2: Cross cultural marketing......................................................................................................13
Culture.........................................................................................................................................13
Sources of culture........................................................................................................................13
Marketing across different cultures.............................................................................................14
Culture ⇔ Subculture ⇔ Social classes.........................................................................................15
1
, The cultural environment............................................................................................................15
Standardization or glocalization...................................................................................................16
Adapting the marketing mix to different cultures and markets...................................................16
Brand name selection..................................................................................................................17
Culture and language in international business...........................................................................17
Representation in cultural marketing..........................................................................................17
Aesthetics....................................................................................................................................17
External influence........................................................................................................................17
Blunders.......................................................................................................................................18
Part 3: Taboos in international business.........................................................................................19
Discussions to avoid when doing business internationally..........................................................19
Giving gift to a business partner..................................................................................................19
Greetings.....................................................................................................................................20
Avoid appointments on certain dates..........................................................................................21
Taboos interpreted differently.....................................................................................................21
Chapter 3 (Katrien Castro)...................................................................................................................22
Part 1: Culture and economic success and failure...........................................................................22
Attitudes on wealth and poverty.................................................................................................22
Are poverty and social inequality a business issue?.....................................................................22
The US..........................................................................................................................................22
Development of countries...........................................................................................................23
Canada.........................................................................................................................................23
The UK.........................................................................................................................................24
Australia.......................................................................................................................................24
Individualistic vs collective cultures.............................................................................................24
Cultural barriers leading to poverty.............................................................................................24
Part 2: Bias and prejudice...............................................................................................................25
Definitions....................................................................................................................................25
Unconscious or implicit bias........................................................................................................25
Cultural bias.................................................................................................................................26
How to remedy bias while hiring.................................................................................................26
Cultural approaches to teamwork...............................................................................................26
Part 3: Verbal and non-verbal communication...............................................................................27
Verbal communication.................................................................................................................27
Non-verbal communication.........................................................................................................27
2
, Chapter 1 (Almaz Sullivan)
Part 1: Culture
Defining culture
The customary beliefs, social forms and material traits of racial, religious or social group
The characteristic features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared
by people in a place or time
Culture is not exclusive to any one field of study or any one discipline, culture spans across various
academic, social and artistic disciplines: history, anthropology, sociology, psychology, language, art
and business
! Defining culture is subjective
Elements of culture
Symbols
Words, gestures, images or
objects with cultural meaning
F.e. language, clothing, …
Heroes
Individuals, real or fictional,
embodying valued traits
F.e. influential cultural, media
and political icons
Rituals
Collective activities, socially
essential within a culture
F.e. greetings, ceremonies,
meetings
Values
Core of culture, guiding
preferences
Fundamental tendencies for
certain outcomes
Practices
Encompass symbols, heroes
and rituals
Cultural interpretation known to insiders
3
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper r0938696. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €9,19. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
