Samenvatting
Summary COMTRANS: notes, cases and tutorials
- Vak
- Instelling
lecture notes from class and the textbook Case summaries Table of cases Tutorial answers Answers to practice questions Summary of the advisory note readings
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 127 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 127 pagina's
In winkelwagen
In winkelwagen
Verkoper
Volgen
LawGuru
Ontvangen beoordelingen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Distribution of this document is illegalCommercial Transactions
Key
Red = cases
Blue = topic headings
Highlighted blue = relevant topic a case falls under
Agency
Introduction
- the performance of a juristic act by one person for another which creates, alters or extinguishes
a legal relationship for the person
- Juristic act = an act to which the law attaches legal consequences
- In some cases, representation is essential: for example, a legal entity cannot act in its own name
and needs a representative
- Representative = agent
- The person whom an agent represents = principal
- No contractual nexus arises between the agent and the third party
- Agency is not a contract, it is a mechanism
Agent distinguished from other parties
- Mandatary = a person who is contractually obliged to carry out a particular task for another.
Mandatary is not an agent in the legal sense eg. an estate agent
Kaya Borkowski
, Distribution of this document is illegal
- Mandate involves two parties while agency involves 3 (principal, agent, third party)
- In a mandate, the rights and obligations are created between party 1 and party 2 while in agency
- Messenger = task is to pass on information. Does not conclude juristic act
- adiectus solutionis causa = person to whom a debtor is obliged to make a payment in terms of
his contract with the creditor. In receiving payment, an adiectus acts in his personal capacity and
not on behalf of the creditor
- State official charged with performing juristic act = not an agent but rather an executive of the
law
Note ⭐
- Only a person with capacity to perform juristic acts can be a principal, but a person with no or
limited capacity to perform juristic acts may be represented by an agent. Eg. a minor may be
represented by his guardian
- Capacity to act as agent must not be confused with capacity to perform juristic acts
The requirements for representation
- The principal must exist
- The agent must have capacity to act as an agent
- It must be clear from the circumstances, that the agent is acting in a representative capacity and
not in his personal capacity.
- The principal need not be named or identified (Marais v Perks)
The two elements of agency
- A contract of mandate
- A bilateral contract in terms of which the agent/mandatory undertakes to perform a service for the
principal
- The contract of mandate is sometimes referred to as a ‘contract of agency’, but representation
and mandate are separate concepts and should not be confused.
- Mandator = gives instructions
- Mandatory = performs instructions
Kaya Borkowski
, Distribution of this document is illegal
- Authority
- A principal may unilaterally confer the authority on an agent to perform acts on her behalf
- Authority is a unilateral juristic act in terms of which the principal manifests its intention to the
agent that they may conclude a juristic act on their behalf
- Unilateral means it is not an agreement, it is not a contract
- Cases relevant for authority: Natal Bank; Firs Investment; Smit v Origize
Forms of authority
Actual authority
- Express authority (either in words or in writing eg. power of attorney)
- Implied (usually where a person’s role tacitly confers authority eg. In a company or the guardian
of a child. It is neither written or spoken)
- Ostensible authority (Makate)
- NB: implied authority, like express authority, is ACTUAL authority.
Agency by estoppel (not actual authority)
- Where an agent has both authority and mandate:
- Agent contracts with a 3P then drops out of the picture then the principal is now bound. This is
the attribution rule
Who can be an agent?
- Anyone with the capacity to perform juristic acts. Limited capacity will suffice.
- Dreyer v Sonop Bpk 1951 (2) SA 392 (O)
Who can be a principal?
- Anyone with the capacity to perform juristic acts.
- minor needs assistance of parent to authorise an agent to contract on her behalf
- Principal must exist but there is an exception: S 21 of 2008 Companies Act:
Kaya Borkowski
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper LawGuru. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €8,11. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 60904 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen