100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Summary Bio ethics: Moral Theories €5,96   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Summary Bio ethics: Moral Theories

 10 keer bekeken  0 keer verkocht

Duidelijke samenvatting van de opgeloste examenvragen over het hoofdstuk "Moral Theories". Verschillende standpunten uitgelegd.

Voorbeeld 2 van de 11  pagina's

  • 3 juni 2024
  • 11
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting
Alle documenten voor dit vak (24)
avatar-seller
s0192734
BIO ETHICS : CHAPTER II : MORAL
THEORIES
AIMS




DEFINITIONS

THEORY OF JUSTICE

- Theory of justice: seeks to define what constitutes a just and fair society, as well as the
principles that should govern individual & societal behavior to achieve this ideal.
- Theory of justice = a moral theory that relates to what is a ‘just society’. It is based on the
notion of the social contract (Hobbes). The term ‘justice’ has many interpretations:
o Can be seen as something that one deserves
o Can be seen as what one has a right to
- It no longer focuses on individual acts
- John Rawls: described a theory of justice with the original position behind the veil of
ignorance resulting in a society with equal opportunities and liberties for all = example of an
ideal theory based on idealized assumptions of people’s behavior and the organization &
functioning of a society in order to describe an ideal societal structure.
o Veil of ignorance  people will be unaware of their own characteristics (social
status, wealth, gender,…)  ensures that individuals deliberate impartially and
without bias, as they do not know how they will personally benefit or suffer from
the principles they choose!

Rawls: prioritizes fairness & equality while recognizing that some inequalities may be needed to
promote the well-being of society’s least advantaged members.

EXPERIENCE MACHINE

- The ‘experience machine’ = a thought experiment created by Nozick as critique to the
hedonistic calculus of Bentham in utilitarianism. (he critiques hedonism)
- Imagine that there is a machine that gives you pleasurable experiences
o Hedonistic approach: the experience of pleasure = equivalent to the proper acts that
give you pleasure (so doing is better than only experiencing)
o Intuitively, however, Nozick states that people would prefer to actually do the things
that give pleasure, rather than experience pleasurable illusions  that is why
hedonism is based on a wrong assumption

, HEDONISM

- Hedonism takes only pleasure into account
o It places pleasure and happiness as the highest good or the ultimate goal of life
- It states that what is morally good, is what brings people pleasure & what causes pain is
immoral.
o Pleasure (or happiness) is the only intrinsic good
o Pain (or unhappiness) is the only intrinsic evil
- Hedonism is the first idea of utilitarianism according to Jeremy Bentham
- Pleasure (or pain) can be measured in terms of intensity, length, certainly, and whether they
are followed by opposite emotions
 Hedonism is concerned w/ maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain/suffering

PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM

- Preference utilitarianism = a 20th century approach to tackle problems related to hedonism.
o So it tried to solve problems with the hedonistic interpretation of the utility principle
by stating that the good has to be defined based on the satisfaction of preferences,
rather than providing pleasure
- It states that something is good if it satisfies the personal preferences rather than providing
pleasure

ACT UTILITARIANISM

- Act utilitarianism demands that each act should be treated separately, since there is no
universal rule on moral goods.

SUPEREROGATORY

- Supererogatory = means that something is beyond doubt good, but at the same time, we feel
that it asks too much of us.
- It is described in a thought experiment of Singer, who states that we should spent less
money on shoes, to be able to donate (more) for a good cause. However, for some people
this may seem supererogatory. Singer states that if we can prevent something bad, without
sacrificing anything or comparable significance, we ought to do it
- Supererogatory conclusions say something is beyond doubt good, but at the same time we
feel it asks to much of us: it seems to be more than what morality requires of us

SPECIESISM

- Speciesism ~ racism & sexism
- Speciesism means that people attribute different values to creatures, based on being more
or less alike to them
- It makes a moral distinction between humans and non-humans (animals)

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

√  	Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper s0192734. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,96. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67474 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€5,96
  • (0)
  Kopen