100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Proefdierkunde (Laboratory Animal Science) BMW: samenvatting €6,46
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Universiteit Gent (UGent)
  4.  
  5. Biomedische Wetenschappen
  6.  
  7. Laboratory Animal Science (C004385)

Samenvatting

Proefdierkunde (Laboratory Animal Science) BMW: samenvatting

1 beoordeling
 7 keer verkocht

Samenvatting: bevat de belangrijkste informatie per hoofdstuk. Met in rood getypt alles wat aan bod kan komen in het examen of vermeld werd als belangrijk.

Laatste update van het document: 8 maanden geleden

Voorbeeld 5 van de 45  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 14 juni 2024
  • 14 juni 2024
  • 45
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

Geschreven voor

Alle documenten voor dit vak (1)

1  beoordeling

review-writer-avatar

Door: florencevossen • 1 maand geleden

Verkoper

avatar-seller
Meniemxc

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Table of Contents
1-introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 2
2-taxonomy of vertebrates...................................................................................................................... 2
3-basic principles of pharmacodynamics ................................................................................................ 3
4.2-rodents and lagomorphs................................................................................................................... 6
5-embryology of lab animals................................................................................................................... 7
6-comparative physiology ..................................................................................................................... 10
7.1-anaesthesia ..................................................................................................................................... 12
7.2-analgesia ......................................................................................................................................... 14
8-diseases + disease control ................................................................................................................. 15
9-immunisation in lab animals .............................................................................................................. 16
10-Radiation protection + radiobiology ................................................................................................ 18
11-experimental techniques ................................................................................................................. 20
12-necropsy of lab animals ................................................................................................................... 20
13- nutritional needs of lab animals ..................................................................................................... 21
14-reproduction of lab animals............................................................................................................. 22
15-postoperative care ........................................................................................................................... 24
16-surgical principles ............................................................................................................................ 25
17-euthanasia of lab animals ................................................................................................................ 27
18-ethology and stress – welfare of lab animals................................................................................... 29
19.1-ethical commitees......................................................................................................................... 31
19.2-legislation – legal aspects ............................................................................................................. 32
20-good laboratory practice (GLP) ........................................................................................................ 32
21-animal ethics .................................................................................................................................... 33
22.1-bacterial and mycotic zoonoses .................................................................................................... 34
22.2-viral zoonoses ............................................................................................................................... 36
23-safety in working and care of lab animals ....................................................................................... 36
24-handling and transportation of lab animals..................................................................................... 37
25-housing of lab animals ..................................................................................................................... 38
26-statistics ........................................................................................................................................... 39
27-environmental enrichment .............................................................................................................. 40
28-alternatives for lab animals ............................................................................................................. 41
29.genetic standardization and transgenesis ........................................................................................ 41
30-disease prevention in lab animals.................................................................................................... 43
31-extrapolation of experimental data to man..................................................................................... 44

,1-introduction
Most used lab animals in order: rodents – chickens – zebrafish – farm animals – dogs and cats – primates

Rodent -mice, rats, guinea pigs
-small size
-low cost
-ease in handling
-good models: different genetic straints
-cancer research, ageing...
Pig -similarity to humans and size → organs
-CT scan development
-burn healing research
Guinea pig -nutritional studies

The three R’s: replacement- reduction – refinement
Replacement: look for replacement alternatives for animals, only use animals when really necessary
Reduction: if you use animals, use as little animals as possible by doing good study design, share or
reuse the animals if possible
Refinement: if you use animals, hurt them as little as possible → enhance welbeing; correct handling
+ enrichment
→ minimize suffering by determining
human endpoints

Non-technical summary (NTS)
= summary for general public, no jargon, explains goal, why no alternatives, and the animal enrichment

2-taxonomy of vertebrates
Vertebrates → spine, skull that encloses the brain, complex nervous system
-fish
-amphibians
-reptiles
-birds
-mammals

Taxonomy = giving a name to animals and trying to order/classify these animals based on evolution
and physical traits

Binomen = species name consisting out of a genus name and a specific name

Phylogeny = evolutionary history from a specific species. We assume that they all come from a
common ancestor. (based on homologies betw animals)

,Monophyletic taxon = always have a common ancestor and all the different species that derived from
this ancestor.
Polyphyletic taxon = they have (multiple) different ancestors.
Paraphyletic taxon = group of animals with a shared common ancestor, but we are not talking about
all derived animals from this ancestor.




→ moeten gwn op gelijke hoogte verbonden zijn

Vertebrates are a subgroup within the chordates: these have a lot of shared characteristics:
-heart, bloodcirculation
-neural tube
-notochord
-mouth, intestine...

However, vertebrates are more complex in: mobility, skeleton, CNS, intestinal system, breathing system,
circulatory system..

3-basic principles of pharmacodynamics
Drug given to patient/animal:
→ body is exposed to the drug = pharmacokinetics
→ desired (doeleffect) and adverse effects (bijwerkingen) = pharmacodynamics

A drug has a target for drug action → receptor, ion-channel, enzyme, carrier

, Ligand gated ion channels G-protein coupled receptor Tyrosine kinase linked Nuclear receptor
receptor
Ligand binds → ion channel Neurotransmitter binds → Binding of insulin/growth Binding of steroid
opens or closes → influx ion channel opens or closes factors/cytokines → gene hormone → conformation
+ activation of kinase transcription and protein change of receptor (zinc
Sodium/Potassium/Calcium enzymes that (in)activate synthesis fingers) → goes inside
influx → muscle contraction other enzymes nucleus → gene
(excitatory) Even slower pathway transcription and protein
Chloride influx → inhibition Slow pathway synthesis
pain stimulation/reduce
nerve activation (inhibitory)


Receptor theory = key-keylock mechanism = a drug can only bind its receptor when the structure is
complementary.
If it easily binds, we say that it has high affinity. It all comes down to the molecular structure.

Quantitative pharmacology
Initially there is no effect, because the concentration of the agonist/antagonist is too low. If you keep
increasing the dose, the effect will increase as well until it reaches a plateau phase (ex. muscle can’t
exceed maximum contraction).
In log transformation of the dose we get a sigmoidal curve.

Efficacy =

[AR] = occupied receptors
0<alfa<1 → 0: antagonist, 1: full agonist




with a partial agonist (B, C), you will not reach the same response as the full agonist (A)

Affinity/potency =
EC50: the concentration at which the 50% of the maximum effect is enlisted.
If the EC50 of a drug is high, it means that we have a low affinity and low potency of that drug.




more to the right = less affinity and potency of the drug

, Antagonist types:

reversible → binds to the receptor, but it can be released from the
competitive receptor again
→ agonist has less affinity/potency than the antagonist
→ the effect of the antagonist can be overcome by increasing
the dose of agonist.
non-competitive → the effect of the antagonist cannot be overcome because
they do not compete for the same binding position (receptor
has 2 binding sites)
irreversible → antagonist irreversibly binds to the receptor → agonist
competitive cannot bind the receptor anymore so is forever excluded
→ agonist cannot reach its maximum effect anymore


functional → 2 agonists binding 2 different receptors, each causing an
antagonism effect that is opposite to eachother
pharmocokinetic → inhibition of a pharmacokinetic process by a
antagonism transformation
chemical → inactivation of agonist by a chemical binding to it
antagonism

Tolerance = the effect of a drug that decreases over time, caused by desensitization.
Desensitization = a receptor or molecular target becomes less susceptible for the drug
- conformation change of receptors (fosforylation)
- downregulation of receptors
- upregulation of receptors
- exhaustion of mediaters (mediators for releasing or vesicle forming)
- increased biotransformation (drug is broken down by enzymes)
- physiological adaptation (body compensates for effect of the drug with other pathways)

4.1-comparitive morphology
= throws similarities and differences into perspective to understand functional and evolutionary
traits

Homology: features that are derived from a common evolutionary ancestor and may have different
functions.
<> Homoplasy: features that are similar in function but do not share a recent common ancestry.

Integument Basic structure of the skin is the same between most vertebrates, with or without glands. Fish
have scales. Amphibian skin is a lot thinner than mammal skin.
Skeleton Skeleton in fish and reptiles is more complex than in mammals.
Amount of bones is larger in mammals.
Digestive Basic structure is the same.
system Different shapes of stomach.
In some fish the liver and pancreas is combined into a hepatopancreas.
All animals make gal, but not all have a galbladder.
Most vertebrates have homodont teeth, only mammals have heterodont teeth (different shapes).
- monophyodont = have 1 set of teeth, so these are directly permanent
- diphyodont = have 2 sets of teeth, so they fall out once
- polyphyodont = teeth continuously grow
→hyps(el)odont = teeth keep growing continuously throughout their life
→brachydont = teeth with limited growth period and stop growing after reaching a certain size
Respiratory Lungs are originally formed out of the digestive system in fish (=swimbladders to ascend and
system descend in water).
Some amphibians lost their lungfunction and breath through their skin.
Birds have a very efficient breathing system with air sacs.
Humans always have dead air because some air stays in the lungs, also not all oxygen is taken
from the air, it’s not as efficient.

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Meniemxc. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,46. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen
€6,46  7x  verkocht
  • (1)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd