EMPIRES..............................................................................................................................................................7
EU IMPERIALISM.................................................................................................................................................... 7
FALL OF THE OTTOMANS....................................................................................................................................... 7
EGYPT : MODERNIZATION AND DE-FACTO INDEPENDENCE................................................................................... 8
DECLINE PAN-ARABISM AND END "ARAB COLD WAR"........................................................................................ 20
CASE OF EGYPT..................................................................................................................................................22
REVOLUTION....................................................................................................................................................... 22
EU POSITION........................................................................................................................................................ 35
RISE OF HAMAS................................................................................................................................................... 35
OSLO PEACE PROCESS......................................................................................................................................... 36
US AND ISR (2000s)............................................................................................................................................. 37
DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS IN ISRAEL................................................................................................................ 38
WAR : GULF WARS.............................................................................................................................................39
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 39
CONTEXT : US IN THE ME..................................................................................................................................... 39
FIRST GULF WAR (1990 – 1991)........................................................................................................................... 40
SECOND GULF WAR............................................................................................................................................. 42
,SOCIAL CONTRACT & ARAB UPRISINGS............................................................................................................... 44
ARAB UPRISINGS (2011)...................................................................................................................................... 45
What is the “Middle East”? Why do we use this term?
Are Middle East and North Africa a region? If so, what makes it a region?
Are other terms to describe it? Are there there more appropriate terms to describe it?
Why are the terms “Arab” and “Muslim” often equated? Why is that problematic?
How do language and ethnicity relate to each other in the Arab world?
What makes the Middle East an important geopolitical junction?
How are Arabs and Muslims represented in the West?
What are the main themes and motifs, how accurate are they and where do they come from?
How and why is the “Islamic East” historically often represented as an opposing pole to the “Christian West”?
What, if anything, do representations of the Middle East tell us about the West?
In your view, which strands of IR theory are most helpful to explain contemporary conflicts in the Arab world?
MENA-REGION
MENA-region
= acronym Middle East and North Africa
≠ Arab World : non-Arab communities or minorities living in MENA (Berbers, Kurds …)
≠ Islamic world : vast majority of Muslims does not live in Arab world (Indonesia)
importance MENA
< abundance natural resources
< Suez Canal (quickest and cheapest transport route from Europe to the East)
< origin main monotheistic religion (Islam, Christianity and Judaism) importance Jerusalem
lack of knowledge or inaccurate representation
= mismatch lack of knowledge (complexity of region) ⟷ strong views or decisions on MENA
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