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Summary North Africa, the Middle East and Euro-Mediterranean Relations

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North Africa, the Middle East and Euro-Mediterranean Relations

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  • 16 juni 2024
  • 51
  • 2023/2024
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INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................4
GUIDING QUESTIONS............................................................................................................................................ 4

MENA-REGION...................................................................................................................................................... 4

FRAMING MIDDLE EAST........................................................................................................................................ 5

EMPIRES..............................................................................................................................................................7
EU IMPERIALISM.................................................................................................................................................... 7

FALL OF THE OTTOMANS....................................................................................................................................... 7

EGYPT : MODERNIZATION AND DE-FACTO INDEPENDENCE................................................................................... 8

BORDERS.............................................................................................................................................................9
GUIDING QUESTIONS............................................................................................................................................ 9

WWI (1914-1918).................................................................................................................................................. 9

ARAB STATES ⟷ EMERGENCE STATES............................................................................................................... 11

ISRAEL................................................................................................................................................................. 12

POST-WWI........................................................................................................................................................... 12

KEY FEATURES POST-WAR SETTLEMENT.............................................................................................................. 14

SETTLERS...........................................................................................................................................................15
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 15

COLONIALISM...................................................................................................................................................... 15

ZIONIST MOVEMENT........................................................................................................................................... 16

BATTLE BETWEEN ISRAELIS AND PALESTINES...................................................................................................... 17

PALESTINE........................................................................................................................................................... 18

RESISTANCE.......................................................................................................................................................19
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 19

ARAB COLD WAR : REGIONAL DIVISIONS............................................................................................................. 19

ROLE OF THE US AS A MIDDLE EASTERN POWER................................................................................................. 19

PAN-ARABISM..................................................................................................................................................... 20

DECLINE PAN-ARABISM AND END "ARAB COLD WAR"........................................................................................ 20

CASE OF EGYPT..................................................................................................................................................22
REVOLUTION....................................................................................................................................................... 22

EG 'INDEPENDENCE'............................................................................................................................................ 23

, END OF THE EGYPTIAN MONARCHY.................................................................................................................... 23

NASSERISM.......................................................................................................................................................... 24

SUEZ CRISIS / TRIPARTITE AGRESSION (1956)...................................................................................................... 25

FUNDAMENTALISM...........................................................................................................................................26
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 26

TERMINOLOGY.................................................................................................................................................... 26

EGYPTIAN MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD.................................................................................................................... 28

SAUDI ARABIA AND THE WAHABIS...................................................................................................................... 31

IRAN AND THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION.................................................................................................................. 32

CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................................... 33

OCCUPATION : PALESTINIAN – ISRAELI CONFLICT..............................................................................................34
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 34

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................. 34

EU POSITION........................................................................................................................................................ 35

RISE OF HAMAS................................................................................................................................................... 35

OSLO PEACE PROCESS......................................................................................................................................... 36

US AND ISR (2000s)............................................................................................................................................. 37

DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENTS IN ISRAEL................................................................................................................ 38

TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................................................... 38

WAR : GULF WARS.............................................................................................................................................39
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 39

CONTEXT : US IN THE ME..................................................................................................................................... 39

CONTEXT : IRAQ (AND KUWAIT).......................................................................................................................... 39

FIRST GULF WAR (1990 – 1991)........................................................................................................................... 40

AFTERMATH........................................................................................................................................................ 41

SECOND GULF WAR............................................................................................................................................. 42

REACTIONS.......................................................................................................................................................... 43

TAKING STOCK OF AM UNIPOLAR DECADE.......................................................................................................... 43

REVOLUTION & COUNTERREVOLUTION.............................................................................................................44
GUIDING QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 44

,SOCIAL CONTRACT & ARAB UPRISINGS............................................................................................................... 44

ARAB UPRISINGS (2011)...................................................................................................................................... 45

TUNISIA............................................................................................................................................................... 47

EGYPT.................................................................................................................................................................. 49

COUNTER-REVOLUTION : SAUDI-LED................................................................................................................... 51

2019 UPRISINGS.................................................................................................................................................. 51

, INTRODUCTION

GUIDING QUESTIONS

 What is the “Middle East”? Why do we use this term?
 Are Middle East and North Africa a region? If so, what makes it a region?
 Are other terms to describe it? Are there there more appropriate terms to describe it?
 Why are the terms “Arab” and “Muslim” often equated? Why is that problematic?
 How do language and ethnicity relate to each other in the Arab world?
 What makes the Middle East an important geopolitical junction?
 How are Arabs and Muslims represented in the West?
 What are the main themes and motifs, how accurate are they and where do they come from?
 How and why is the “Islamic East” historically often represented as an opposing pole to the “Christian West”?
 What, if anything, do representations of the Middle East tell us about the West?
 In your view, which strands of IR theory are most helpful to explain contemporary conflicts in the Arab world?


MENA-REGION

MENA-region
= acronym Middle East and North Africa
≠ Arab World : non-Arab communities or minorities living in MENA (Berbers, Kurds …)
≠ Islamic world : vast majority of Muslims does not live in Arab world (Indonesia)

importance MENA
< abundance natural resources
< Suez Canal (quickest and cheapest transport route from Europe to the East)
< origin main monotheistic religion (Islam, Christianity and Judaism) importance Jerusalem

lack of knowledge or inaccurate representation
= mismatch lack of knowledge (complexity of region) ⟷ strong views or decisions on MENA

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