Exam 2 AMR| 198 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
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Exam 2 AMR| 198 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR| 198 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR| 198 Questions and Answers 100% CorrectExam 2 AMR| 198 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Did experimental studies on animals using penicillium mold and guinea pigs infected with E. coli,...
Exam 2 AMR| 198 Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Did experimental studies on animals using penicillium mold and guinea pigs infected with E. coli, but went unnoticed - ANSWER-Ernest Duchesne
Rediscovery of penicillin, discovered that not all mold had it, also researched lysozymes. Warned about the use, misuse and overuse of antibiotics. - ANSWER-Alexander Fleming
Worked with Florey to get total purification of penicillin - ANSWER-Ernst Chain
Discovered the structure of penicillin - ANSWER-Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Discovered penicillinase - ANSWER-Ernst Chain and Edward Abraham
A student of Fleming who was the first to use penicillin on patients in a clinical setting - ANSWER-Cecil George Paine
Overlapped Paine's work on penicillin and was the first to purify/isolate penicillin. - ANSWER-
Howard Florey
First observance and characterization of biofilms in 1933, discovered surface growing organisms that lived in a structured community made of a self-produced polymeric matrix - ANSWER-Arthur Henrici
Developed (repurposed) the first antiviral drug, iodouridine. And codeveloped the stavudine - ANSWER-Dr. William Prusoff
Helped develop Ivermectin to reduce the prevalence of river blindness and lmphatic filariasis - ANSWER-William Campbell and Satoshi Omura Isolated artemesinin from plants in Chinese medicine that can be used to treat Malaria infections. - ANSWER-Youyou Tu
Discovered gentamicin in 1963 - ANSWER-Marvin Weinstein
Discovered kanamycin in 1956 - ANSWER-Hamao Umezawa
Discovered streptomycin 1944; coined the term "antibiotic" - ANSWER-Selman Waskman
Isolated tetracycline in 1945 from soil dwelling bacteria - ANSWER-Benjamin Duggar
B-lactam antibiotics - ANSWER-Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitor
There are 5 classes, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and clavams.
Mimic D-ala-D-ala : inhibits cell wall synth by binding to PBP and preventing it from crosslinking peptidoglycan.
Aminoglycosides - ANSWER-Protein synthesis inhibitor
Structure: has glycosidic bonds R-O-R
The amino groups are positively charged at a neutral pH so they react to the negatively charged
phosphate backbone: Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit tRNA translocation from A site to P site
Chloramphenicol - ANSWER-Protein synthesis inihbitor
Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptidyl transferase.
Small size allows it to diffuse to parts of the body not normally accessed by antibiotics.
Broad spec bacteriostatic
Macrolides and Lincosamides - ANSWER-Protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 23S subunit of the 50S ribosome
Bind to proximal end of the peptide exit tunnel leading to peptidyl transferase inhibition Oxazolidinones - ANSWER-Protein synthesis inhibitor, Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits the initiation complex. Ex: Linezoid
Streptogramins - ANSWER-Protein Synthesis inhibitors,
A and B together have a synergistic effect.
Streptogramin A binds to the peptidyl transferase catalytic center on the 50S ribosomal subunit which arrests peptide bond formation.
Streptogramin B binds to 23S rRNA within the 50S ribosomal exit tunnel inhibiting growth of the nascent protein leading to a release of unfinished polypeptide fragments
Quinolones - ANSWER-(DNA replication inhibitors) DNA Gyrase Inhibitors : Type II topoisomerase inhibitors
- gyrase(gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE), they are responsible for DNA supercoiling and strand passing
Characterized by a 4-quinolone bicyclic ring
Fluoroquinolones bind to GyrA (DNA breakage and reunion) of DNA gyrase and ParC of Topo IV
(also responsible for breakage and reunion)
Ansamycins - ANSWER-They are characterized by an aromatic ring bridged by an aliphatic chain
DNA disruptor: Metronidazole
Covalently bind to DNA for irreversible damage
RNA polymerase inhibitor: Rifampin specifically binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and prevents RNA synthesis
Sulfonamides - ANSWER-Folate synthesis inhibitor
Targets dihydropteroate sythetase (DHPS) by mimicking para aminobenzoate (PABA), which is a factor used to make DHF in the folate synthesis pathway.
Selective for bacteria since both humans and bacteria need folate, but we consume it and bacteria make it.
Glycopeptides - ANSWER-Vancomycin: Bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitor but targets D-ala-
D-ala, caps it and prevents incorporation into peptidoglycan
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