PSU BBH 101 Final Exam Already Rated A+
Biomedical Model: This model suggests that illnesses always have a biological origin, primarily focusing
on pathogens and the mechanisms by which individuals become ill.
Biobehavioral Model: This approach acknowledges the influence of biological, psycho...
Biomedical Model: This model suggests that illnesses always have a biological origin, primarily focusing
on pathogens and the mechanisms by which individuals become ill.
Biobehavioral Model: This approach acknowledges the influence of biological, psychological, and
sociocultural factors on an individual's health and their susceptibility to diseases, offering a more
comprehensive perspective on health.
Hypothesis: A proposed idea or assumption someone has regarding a particular subject or phenomenon.
Theory: A concept that has been repeatedly validated through research and experimentation.
P-Value: A statistical measure indicating the likelihood of obtaining the observed results if there is truly
no connection between the variables being examined, helping to eliminate the possibility of random
chance. A p-value of less than 0.05 is typically regarded as statistically significant.
Prevalence: The total number of current cases of a specific condition in a population.
Incidence: The number of new cases of a condition that arise within a specific timeframe.
Case Study: An in-depth description of a single patient, valuable for examining unique instances but
limited in its ability to determine causal relationships. It has low explanatory power.
Cross-Sectional Study: A research method conducted at a single point in time without follow-up, often
involving surveys. These studies can reveal correlations, but not causations.
Case-Control Study: This study design compares a group of individuals with a particular condition to a
group without the condition, often utilizing an odds ratio to analyze results.
, Odds Ratio: A statistic that indicates how much more likely individuals with a certain exposure are to
experience an outcome, with higher values signifying increased risk when compared to those without
the exposure.
Cohort Study: A longitudinal study where participants, who do not have the outcome of interest initially,
are followed over time based on their exposure to potential risk factors, allowing for examination of
cause and effect relationships.
Ways to Make Groups Similar: Techniques to ensure comparability between study groups include
random assignment (randomly allocating participants), blinding (keeping the group assignments
concealed—single, double, or triple), and good placebo design (creating a sham treatment that closely
resembles the actual treatment).
Phase 1 of Clinical Drug Trials: This initial phase assesses the safety of a drug, normally conducted with
participants who do not have the disease.
Phase 2 of Clinical Drug Trials: In this phase, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are performed to
evaluate the drug's effectiveness compared to a placebo.
Phase 3 of Clinical Drug Trials: The drug is tested against standard treatments to demonstrate that it is
equally effective or superior.
Drug Approval for Sale: A drug can be approved for market distribution following a successful Phase 3
trial.
Phase 4 of Clinical Drug Trials: This stage occurs after FDA approval and involves ongoing research to
collect additional information about the drug, often revealing any emerging issues.
Empirical Research: This refers to studies conducted by the author themselves and documented in
writing. The abstract typically indicates that it is original research.
Literature Review: A compilation of information on a specific topic, resembling a textbook chapter, that
does not include original research or statistical analyses.
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