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Janeways Immunobiology 9th Edition by Kenneth Murphy; Casey Weaver |
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Test bank for Janeways Immunobiology 9th Edition byKenneth Murphy; Casey Weaver | 9780815345053 | Chapter
1-16 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
A cytosine in a bacterial/viral CpG dinucleotide is typically ________________, while cytosines in
mammals are typically ______________. Because of this, _______________ CpGs are a recognized
_____________. - ANSWER: Unmethylated, Methylated, Unmethylated, Pathogen-Associated
Molecular Pattern (PAMP)
Lectins - ANSWER: Carbohydrate-binding receptors. Includes the mannose and glucan receptors.
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER: PRRs expressed on membranes of wide range of host cells.
___________ are the major phagocyte population resident in most normal tissues at homeostasis. -
ANSWER: Macrophages
Monocytes - ANSWER: Largest leukocyte; mature to macrophages after migration from blood to
tissue.
Difference between macrophages and monocytes - ANSWER: Macrophages are fixed in tissue, while
monocytes circulate in bodily fluid.
Classical Monocytes - ANSWER: 90% of circulating monocytes; differentiate to macrophages.
Patrolling monocytes - ANSWER: Roll along endothelium, survey for injury to endothelium.
Classical dendritic cell - ANSWER: Produce cytokines and process ingested microbes to generate
peptide antigens. Considered the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - ANSWER: Major producers of type I interferons.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granulocytes). - ANSWER: Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.
3 ways cells uptake from the environment - ANSWER: Phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis,
macropinocytosis
Some examples of lectins present on macrophages and neutrophils are the _________, which
recognizes _____________ (common fungal wall component). - ANSWER: Dectin-1; B-1,3 linked
glucans (polymers of glucose).
Protein synthesis in bacteria is initiated with a _________, an amino acid present in prokaryotes but
not eukaryotes. - ANSWER: N-formylmethionine (fMet)
fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF) receptor - ANSWER: G-protein-coupled receptor. Signaling through the fMLF
receptor induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Ras can bind - ANSWER: GTP and GDP
To activate Ras, a __________________ catalyzes release of _______________. - ANSWER: Guanine
nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), GDP.
Ras has a higher binding affinity for _______. This implies that when a GEF releases ______ from Ras,
it will bind _______. - ANSWER: GTP, GDP, GTP
, Upon phagocytosing microbes, MPs and PMNs use a variety of toxic products to kill microbes, such as
- ANSWER: Defensins, cathelicidins, reactive nitrogen species (NO), and reactive oxygen species
(H2O2, O2-).
To inactivate Ras, a __________ will release a phosphate group from _________, leaving ______
bound to Ras. - ANSWER: GTPase activating protein (GAP), GTP, GDP
Because NADPH oxidase produces high amounts of toxic superoxide (O2-), it is initially in an inactive
form, requiring assembly. - ANSWER: True
NADPH oxidase causes a transient increase in oxygen consumption, referred to as the - ANSWER:
Respiratory burst
Superoxide disumtase (SOD) catalyzes - ANSWER: O2- to H2O2
Neutrophils are tissue-resident cells - ANSWER: False; neutrophils circulate in blood
Pus - ANSWER: Dead neutrophils and proteins, can be caused by pyogenic bacteria
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) - ANSWER: Defect of the NADPH oxidase, causing unusual
susceptibility to infections and reduced NET formation.
Neutrophils - ANSWER: Die after using up primary and secondary granules. Upon death, may release
nuclear chromatin (neutrophil extracellular trap NET).
Macrophages are longer lived, and replenish lysosomes unlike neutrophils that typically die after
granules are used up. - ANSWER: True.
Roles of inflammation - ANSWER: - Delivery of effector cells/molecules from blood.
- Induction of blood clotting.
- Promote repair of damaged tissue.
Changes in blood vessels during inflammation - ANSWER: - Vasodilation, increasing local blood flow.
- Reduced velocity of blood.
Changes in blood vessels during inflammation - ANSWER: - Endothelial cells express cell-adhesion
molecules, allowing for binding of circulating leukocytes.
- Leukocytes extravasate (attach to endothelium and migrate to tissues).
Changes in blood vessels during inflammation - ANSWER: - Increased vascular permeability, leading to
exit of humor, causing edema (swelling) and pain.
- Clotting in microvessels, preventing spread of pathogen through blood.
Anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) cause a similar response on endothelium as inflammatory cytokines
(IL1, TNF) - ANSWER: True
In the case of sterile injury (blunt trauma), PRRs still responsible for inflammation - ANSWER: True;
damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are produced from dead/dying host cells causing
inflammation upon binding to PRRs.
Drosophila toll receptors - ANSWER: Receptor controlling correct dorso-ventral patterning in
embryonic Drosophila melanogaster. Also induces expression of host-defense mechanisms against
gram-positive and fungal pathogens. 2011 Nobel prize in physiology/medicine
Common MAMPs recognized by TLRs: - ANSWER: - Double stranded RNA
- Lipoteichoic acids of gram-pos
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-neg
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