GARP Ch 4 - Climate and Sustainability Policies Questions and Answers 100% correct
4 keer bekeken 0 keer verkocht
Vak
GARP
Instelling
GARP
GARP Ch 4 - Climate and Sustainability Policies Questions and Answers 100% correct
Challenges / disagreements in international climate policy
Optimal amount of emissions reduction (3.5' in 1990s to 1.5-2' in avoid tipping points), disagreement on moral responsibility (accumulated historic emissio...
GARP Ch 4 - Climate and Sustainability
Policies Questions and Answers 100%
correct
Challenges / disagreements in international climate policy - answer Optimal amount
of emissions reduction (3.5' in 1990s to 1.5-2' in avoid tipping points), disagreement on
moral responsibility (accumulated historic emissions, current share, or future
emissions), difficulties of collective action (tragedy of the commons)
Emissions by country (absolute vs. historic) - answer Highest current annual
emissions: China, USA, then India. Asia = 53%, N. America 18%, Europe 17%. Highest
culumative emissions: U.S. 1/4, EU (including UK) 1/5, China 1/8, Russia, Japan. N.
America and Asia = 29% each, Europe (incl Russia) = 33%. Future emissions: Saudi
Arabia, Indonesia, Brazil ppressured to adopt green models of development.
History & outcomes of Kyoto Protocol - answer First global compact on emissions
reductions; legally binding treaty, required high-income "Annex 1" countries to reduce
emissions by 5% from 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Included emissions-trading between
Annex 1 countries; "joint implementation" - Annex 1 countries could undertake tech
project / transfer in another Annex 1 country; "clean development mechanism" (CDM),
Annex 1 countries could get credit for emissions reduction project in non-Annex 1
country. Ultimately failed because lacked implementation, Annex 1 countries didn't like
"common but differentiated responsbilities", US never ratified.
Copenhagen COP - answer COP15 in 2009. Lots of pressure bc Kyoto expired
2012. Failed to come to concensus, but established foundation for Paris Agreement: i.e.
2'C global warming goal, idea of domestic mitigation strategies from every country
(NDCs)
Outcomes of Paris Agreement - answer COP21 in Paris (2015). Commonly agreed
aspiration to keep global temperature rise "well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels"
and to "pursuing efforts" to limit the rise to 1.5°C. Invited all countries to submit (non-
binding) plans aka NDCs with "ratcheting" mechanism to increase ambition; relied on
peer pressure; nations appointed 2 "high-level champions" each; and recognized
subnational actors (cities, businesses).
Structure, pros and cons of carbon pricing policies (taxes vs. ETS) - answer Carbon
tax (price per ton of CO2 emitted): raises revenue, but can be unpredictable / easily
tweaked and thus hard to make investment decisions over multiple years. Cap-and-
trade scheme (cap on total emissions with tradable permits): more flexible, can create
cash flows and better for longer-term investment decisions, but vulnerable to exogenous
shock like a financial crisis, leading to oversupply of permits.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Pogba119. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €9,94. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
