Barron's AP Psychology Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions
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Barron\'s AP Psychology
Barron's AP Psychology Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Wilhelm Wundt - Correct Answer () set up the first psychological laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzip, Germany. Trained subjects in introspection. Subjects were asked to accurately record their cognitive reactions...
Barron's AP Psychology Exam Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Wilhelm Wundt - Correct Answer (1832-1920) set up the first psychological laboratory in an
apartment near the university at Leipzip, Germany. Trained subjects in introspection. Subjects were
asked to accurately record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli.
Introspection - Correct Answer Technique used by Wilhelm Wundt who asked subjects to accurately
record their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli. Through this process, Wundt hoped to examine
basic mental processes.
William James - Correct Answer (1842-1910) Published "The Principles of Psychology", the science's
first textbook. Established the Theory of Functionalism: How mental processes function in our lives.
Functionalism - Correct Answer Theory described by William James; Examines how the mental
processes described by Wilhelm Wundt function in our lives
Max Wertheimer - Correct Answer (1880-1943) Gestalt psychologist; Argued against dividing human
thought and behavior into discrete structures. Gestalt psychology tried to examine a person's total
experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various
perceptual experiences. Gestalt theorists demonstrated that the whole experience is often more
than just the sum of the parts of the experience.
Sigmund Freud - Correct Answer (1856-1939) Believed he discovered the unconscious mind-a part of
our mind over which we don't have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and
behave. Proposed that we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word
association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques if we are truly understand human thought
and behavior. Has been criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories.
Margaret Floy Washburn - Correct Answer (1871-1939) First woman to earn a Ph.D in psychology
(1894)
John Watson - Correct Answer (1878-1958) Declared that psychology must limit itself to observable
phenomena, not unobervable concepts like the unconscious mind, if it is to be considered a science.
Ivan Pavlov - Correct Answer (1849-1936) Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs;
these experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning.
,B.F. Skinner - Correct Answer (1904-1990) Expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the
idea of reinforcement and punishment- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage
certain responses; helped establish and popularize the operant conditiong model of learning;
skinner's intellectual influence lasted for decades
Mary Whiton Calkins - Correct Answer (1863-1930) Student of William James; became president of
american psychological association (1905); completed her doctoral studies but harvard refused to
award her a Ph.D because, at the time they didn't grant doctoral degrees to women
Humanist Perspective - Correct Answer the humanists, including theorists abraham maslow (1908-
1970) and carl rogers (1902-1987), stressed individual choice and free will. this contrsts with the
deterministic behaviorists who theorized that all behaviors are caused by past conditioning.
Humanists believe that we choose most of our behaviors and that these choices are guided by
physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs.
Psychoanalytic Perspective - Correct Answer Described by Sigmund Freud; psychoanalysts believe the
unconscious mind-a part of our mind that we don't have conscious control over or access to-controls
much of our thoughts and actions; psychoanalysts would look for impulses or memories pushed into
the unconscious mind through repression;psychoanalysts think we must examine our unconscious
mind through dream analysis, word association and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques in order
to understand human thought and behavior.
Biopsychology Perspective - Correct Answer biopsychologists explain human thought and behavior
strictly in terms of biological processes. neuroscientists believe that human cognition and reactions
might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a
combination of all three.
Evolutionary Perspective - Correct Answer evolutionary psychologists examine human thoughts and
actions in terms of natural selection. Natural selection in this context refers to the idea that some
psychological traits might be advatageous for survival and that these traits would be passed down
from the parents to the next generation. similar to the bipsychology perspective
Behavioral Perspective - Correct Answer Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior in terms
of conditioning (learning). Behaviorists look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction
organisms get in response to specific behaviors. dominant school of thought in psychology from the
1920s through the 1960s.
Cognitive Perspective - Correct Answer cognitive psychologists examine human thought and behavior
in terms of how we interpret, process and remember environmental events. cognitive psychologists
,believe that the rules or methods we us to view the world are important to understanding why we
think and behave the way we do.
Social-Cultural Perspective - Correct Answer social-cultural psychologists look at how our thoughts
and behaviors vary from people living in other countries. sociocultural psychologists emphasize the
influence culture has on the way we think and act. for example, social-cultural psychologists are
interested in the emphasis some cultures place on the value of the group (collectivism) or the
individual (individualism)
Hindsight Bias - Correct Answer Tendency upon hearing about research findings (and many other
things) to think that they knew it all along. After an event occurs, it is relatively easy to explain why it
happened. The goal of scientific research, however, is to predict what will happen in advance.
Applied Research - Correct Answer Research that psychologists conduct to solve practical problems.
such as investigating how people can best resolve personality conflicts at work. Research that has
clear, practical applications.
Basic Research - Correct Answer Research that explores questions that are of interest to
psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications.
Hypothesis - Correct Answer A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables.
Theory - Correct Answer Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate
testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that supports the theory.
Operations Definitions - Correct Answer An explanation of how variables are measures.
Validity - Correct Answer When research measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is
accurate. A related concept is reliability.
Reliability - Correct Answer When research can be replicated and it is consistent. If the researcher
conducted the same research in the same way, the researcher would get similar results.
Sampling - Correct Answer The individuals on whom research is conducted are called participants or
subjects, and the process by which the participants are selected is called _____.
, Population - Correct Answer The group from which a sample is selected. This includes anyone or
anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample.
Random Selection - Correct Answer A method of selection a sample from a population. Every
member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. It increases the likelihood that the
sample represents the population and that one can generalize the findings to a larger population.
Stratified Sampling - Correct Answer A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample
represents the population on some criteria, such as age or race.
Experiment - Correct Answer The only research that can show a casual relationship. Allows the
researcher to manipulate the independent variable and control the confounding variables. It
compares at least two groups: an experimental group and a control group that differ based on the
independent variable.
Confounding Variables - Correct Answer Any difference between the experimental and control
conditions (such as time of day), except for the independent variable, that might affect the
dependent variable.
Assignment - Correct Answer The process by which participants are put into either an experimental
group or a control group.
Experimenter Bias - Correct Answer The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat member of
the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their
hypothesis.
Double-Blind Procedure - Correct Answer Method followed by such that neither the participants nor
the researcher are aware of who is in the experimental or control groups while the experiment is
going on. This controls experimenter bias and participant bias.
Participant Bias - Correct Answer Tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways based on their
perception of an experiment.
Hawthorne Effect - Correct Answer Being selected to be in a group of people to participate in an
experiment will affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals.
Just selecting a sample of people and including them in an experiment will affect performance of the
sample, as the chosen participants will try to please the researcher. Control groups help to control for
the Hawthorne effect.
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