Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions
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Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Personality - Correct Answer A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that deter...
Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Personality - Correct Answer A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and
ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
Conscious mind - Correct Answer Freud's term for what you are presently aware of
Preconscious mind - Correct Answer Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not
presently aware of but can access
Unconscious mind - Correct Answer Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become
aware of.
Id - Correct Answer The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological
instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.
Pleasure principle - Correct Answer The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual
drives without concern for the consequences
Ego - Correct Answer The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to
find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives.
Reality principle - Correct Answer The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within
the constraints of reality (norms of society).
Superego - Correct Answer The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized
standards of behaviour.
Defense mechanism - Correct Answer A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a
person from anxiety.
Erogenous zone - Correct Answer The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are
focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.
,Fixation - Correct Answer Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual
stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs.
Oral stage of psychosexual development - Correct Answer First stage in Freud's theory
Birth to 18 months
Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue
Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing
Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment - Correct Answer Second stage in Freud's theory
18 months to 3 years
Erogenous zone is anus
Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal
movements
Phallic stage of psychosexual development - Correct Answer Third stage in Freud's theory
3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone is located at genitals
Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation
Oedipus Conflict - Correct Answer Freud
Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his father will find
out and castrate him.
Identification - Correct Answer Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent
and learn their gender role and sense of morality
Latency stage of psychosexual development - Correct Answer Fourth stage in Freud's theory
6 years to puberty
No erogenous zone
Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development
,Genital stage of psychosexual development - Correct Answer Fifth stage in Freud's theory
Puberty to adulthood
Erogenous zone is genitals
Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate adult relationships
Hierarchy of Needs - Correct Answer Motivation
Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are arranged in a pyramid shape.
From bottom to top:
Physiological (hunger, thirst)
Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)
Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)
Self-actualization - Correct Answer The fullest realization of a person's potential
Conditions of worth - Correct Answer The behaviours and attitudes for which other people (starting
with parents) will give us positive regard
Unconditional positive regard - Correct Answer Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person
by others
Self-system - Correct Answer The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates,
and regulates their behaviour
Self-efficacy - Correct Answer A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations
External locus of control - Correct Answer The perception that chance or external forces beyond your
personal control determine your fate
Internal locus of control - Correct Answer The perception that you control your own fate.
, Learned helplessness - Correct Answer A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is
unable to prevent aversive events.
Attribution - Correct Answer The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others
Self-serving bias - Correct Answer The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive
oneself favourably
Traits - Correct Answer The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person
Personal inventory - Correct Answer An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or
statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.
Projective test - Correct Answer A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which
the test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli
Personality Theories - Correct Answer Type Theories
Trait Theories
Type Theories - Correct Answer Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics
- Sheldon Somatotypes
- Eysenck
- Type A vs. Type B
Sheldon Somatotypes - Correct Answer Type theory of personality
Based on body types
Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered
Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude
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