LS 15 Phelan Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers
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LS 15 Phelan Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers
Central dogma" of biology's most basic framework/core process - ANSWER-Describes the flow of information from genes to proteins. DNA --> RNA --> Proteins
.`Taste preferences - ANSWER-More fat = better taste. Sugar is more of a c...
LS 15 Phelan Final Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers
Central dogma" of biology's most basic framework/core process - ANSWER-Describes
the flow of information from genes to proteins. DNA --> RNA --> Proteins
.`Taste preferences - ANSWER-More fat = better taste. Sugar is more of a curve.
.Action potential (5 steps) - ANSWER-1. Resting stage: Potassium and sodium
channels are closed. There is some leakage of both.
2. Depolarization state: Open sodium channels, keep potassium closed. Sodium rushes
in, the cell becomes positive.
3. Repolarizing state: Close sodium channels, open potassium channels. Potassium
rushes out, become negative.
4. Undershoot: Potassium channels are slow to close, so it keeps rushing out, and the
cell gets too negative.
5. Return to resting state: Sodium and potassium channels are closed. Potassium is
pumped in, sodium is pumped out.
.Adderall - ANSWER-Increases the release of adrenaline and dopamine; blocks
reuptake of adrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin
.Additional caffeine effects - ANSWER-Athletic endurance: 19.5% more endurance with
caffeine consumption 1 hr before bike race.
Learning: Increased performance in maze-learning by rats given caffeine.
.Adenosine - ANSWER-A chemical produced as a by-product of cellular metabolism. It
is like cellular exhaust. Over the course of a day, adenosine builds up in the brain
synapses. When adenosine receptors are filled, the ion channels open and the cell
becomes less likely to fire. When you sleep, it is reabsorbed.
.Alcohol + Depression - ANSWER-Serotonin makes us context. Alcohol increases
serotonin receptor activity.
.Among individuals, ____ is a rule, _____ is the exception. - ANSWER-Selfishness,
kindness.
.Analyzing one locus - ANSWER-What do bands represent? Which pair of people are
the the parents of each?
.Ancestral food preferences - ANSWER-Fat people are less likely to starve, more likely
to leave many offspring. Evolution has shaped our food preferences, making us love
energetically rich fats.
,.Are vitamins miracle pills? - ANSWER-In the U.S., almost no adults suffer from any
vitamin/mineral deficiency diseases.
.Avenues for enhancing cooperation (6 things) - ANSWER-1. Reduce perceived cost to
others
2. Accentuate benefit you will receive from cooperation
3. Facilitate the building of reputation
4. Use "honest signals" that can't be faked
5. Keep track of cheaters/punish cheaters
6. Make the first step: gifts
.Basic metabolic rate - ANSWER-Energy needed to maintain life without activity.
Depends on size/species. Females: 1400 kcal/day. Males: 1700 kcal/day.
.Belding's ground squirrel - ANSWER-Alarm calling. older female exposes herself to
danger. cost to group living, altruism. Males relocate to different community at maturity,
females don't, so they are around more of their kin.
.Botox - ANSWER-Most toxic substance, lethal at 2 billionths of a gram. Produced by
bacterium Clostridium botulinum as a defense. Can cause botulism. It gets into terminal
button at neuron/muscle synapses and degrades SNAP-25 protein (and others) that are
required for fusion of vesicles with the terminal button membrane. It prevents the
release of acetylcholine and paralyzes the muscle. Stays in terminal button for 2-4
months.
.Calorie - ANSWER-Our unit of energy. Amount of energy required to raise 1 g of water
by 1 degree celsius
.Can sexual selection help us understand why so few females run for political office? -
ANSWER-If you're female, there is less benefit to be highest status female than there is
to be highest status male.
.Carbohydrates - ANSWER-The starches and sugars present in foods
.Carnivores - ANSWER-Only eat meat
.Cocaine - ANSWER-Binds to dopamine reuptake receptor and blocks them, flooding
the synapse with dopamine. The pleasure is intensified, and the message that
something good is happening and not terminated.
.Correlations and predictions of risk-takers (6 things) - ANSWER-1. Spicy food
preference
2. Alcohol use/abuse (3.5x more are alcoholics)
3. Sexual novelty seeking (Straight men are 6x more likely to have had sex with another
man, gay men are 5x more likely to have had sex with a woman)
4. Smoking: Heaviest smokers are 2x more likely to have long allele
, 5. Drug use: more likely to have tried cocaine
6. ADHD
.Cortisol - ANSWER-Make glucose available from non-carbs, act on skeletal muscle
(break down protein), high doses suppress immune system a bit.
.Creating a DNA fingerprint - ANSWER-1. The DNA fragment containing each STR
region is amplified using PCR. This results in huge numbers of these fragments.
2. The fragments are separated by size, using electrophoresis (insert midterm info)
.Crystal meth - ANSWER-Stimulates dopamine and serotonin release
.Deletion - ANSWER-Delete 1 or more nucleotide - frameshift mutation
.Dietary fiber - ANSWER-Plant material that cannot be digested by humans. Cellulose,
lighins, pectins, gums.
.Different between saturated and unsaturated fats? - ANSWER-Depends on if there are
double bonds on the hydrocarbon tail (makes it unsaturated)
.Different kinds of kin association - ANSWER-1. Spatial association (treat those around
you as kin)
2. Social association (treat those from childhood as kin)
3. Phenotype matching (treat those who look like you as kin)
.Difficulties and controversy with DNA fingerprinting (7 things) - ANSWER-1. Overlap of
STRs
2. How many STRs should we compare?
3. How likely is a match? Can juries understand this?
4. Are there sub-population differences in allele frequencies?
5. Do humans make mistakes?
6. What is a reasonable level of certainty to warrant imprisoning someone?
7. Should we keep DNA databases? Who should have access?
.Digestion: Large intestine - ANSWER-1. Absorb H2O
2. Push chyme into rectum for excretion
3. Absorb nutrients produced by bacteria
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