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PPR, PPR Texes 160, TExES PPR Concepts and Terms Exam Questions and Answers
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PPR, PPR Texes 160, TExES PPRConcepts and Terms Exam
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Answer -Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist,
developed a theory of how cognition develops and changes over time.
Four Stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Answer -Piaget proposed
that a child's intellect progresses through four stages:
1) Sensorimotor (0-2)
2) Preoperational (2-7)
3) Concrete operational (7-11)
4) Formal operational (11-adulthood)
How does Piaget think kids learn? - Answer -Children learn through active interaction
and manipulation of the environment.
What do Piaget's stages mean? - Answer -The stage the child is in determines how they
see the world. Piaget believed that all students pass through the stages in order and
cannot skip any stage.
Schemes - Answer -Mental patterns that guide behavior; cognitive structures that help
children process and organize information to make sense of the environment.
Assimilation - Answer -Understanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes.
Accommodation - Answer -Modifying existing schemes to fit new situations in the
environment.
Adaptation - Answer -The process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment
through assimilation or accommodation. According to Piaget, this is how learning
occurs.
Equilibration - Answer -The process of restoring balance between present
understanding and new experiences. According to Piaget, learning depends on this
process so it is important for teachers to confront students with new experiences or data
to advance their cognitive development.
Disequilibrium - Answer -An imbalance between what a child understands and what the
child encounters through new experiences.
,Sensorimotor Stage - Answer -The earliest stage (0-2) of cognitive development during
which infants learn about the environment by using their senses and motor skills.
Children develop object permanence and progress from reflexive behavior to goal-
directed behavior.
Object Permanence - Answer -The fact that objects are physically stable and exist even
when the objects are not in the child's physical presence. This enables the child to start
using symbols to represent things in their minds so they can think about them.
Preoperational Stage - Answer -The second stage (2-7) of cognitive development in
which children learn to represent things in their mind. During this stage students
develop the ability to use symbols to represent objects in the world. Thinking remains
egocentric and centered.
Egocentric - Answer -Believing that everyone sees the world as you do.
Conservation - Answer -The concept that certain properties of an object remain the
same regardless of changes in other properties.
Centration - Answer -Paying attention to only one aspect of an object or situation; what
is commonly called tunnel vision.
Reversibility - Answer -The ability to perform a mental operation and then reverse
thinking to return to the starting point.
Class Inclusion - Answer -The ability to think simultaneously about a whole class of
objects and about relationships among subordinate classes; a framework for thinking.
Concrete Operational Stage - Answer -The third stage (7-11) of cognitive development
in which children develop the capacity for logical reasoning and understanding of
conservation but can use skills only in dealing with familiar situations. New abilities
include operations that are reversible. Thinking is decentered, allowing them to
understand that others may have different perceptions, and problem solving is less
restricted by egocentrism. Abstract thinking is not possible.
Formal Operational - Answer -The fourth stage of cognitive development (11-adulthood)
in which abstract and symbolic thought is possible. Problems can be solved through the
use of experimentation and critical thinking.
Inferred Reality - Answer -The ability to understand stimuli in the context of relevant
information. Preschoolers see what they see with little ability to infer the meaning
behind what they see. Students in the concrete operational stage respond to inferred
reality and see things in the context of other meanings.
,Seriation - Answer -Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect.
Seriation involves arranging things in a logical progression.
Transivity - Answer -A skill learned during the concrete operational stage in which
children can mentally arrange and compare objects.
Inversion - Answer -A mental transformation that requires reversible thinking.
Reciprocity - Answer -A mental transformation that requires reversible thinking.
Vygotsky - Answer -Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, developed a theory of
cognitive development based on two key ideas.
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development - Answer -He proposed children
understand the world based on social interactions within their culture and the sign
systems that represent ideas.
Self-regulation - Answer -According to Vygotsky's theory, self-regulation is the ability to
think and solve problems without the help of others.
Sign Systems - Answer -Symbols that cultures create to help people think, solve
problems, and communicate.
Private Speech - Answer -Inner speech or children's self-talk that guides thinking and
actions.
Zone of Proximal Development - Answer -Level of development immediately above a
student's present level. The tasks within the zone of proximal development require
assistance from the teacher or a more knowledgeable other.
Scaffolding - Answer -Support for learning and problem solving that include clues,
reminders, examples, or encouragement.
Cooperative Learning - Answer -Strategies in which students work together to help one
another learn by sharing perspectives and providing models of slightly advanced
thinking.
Developmentally Appropriate Education - Answer -Instruction intentionally adapted to
the current developmental level of students rather than planned according their
chronological age or grade level.
Psychosocial Theory - Answer -A set of principles that relates social environment to
psychological development.
, Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - Answer -Trained by Freud as a
psychoanalyst, Erikson proposed people pass through eight psychosocial stages of
development. A psychosocial crisis is resolved at each stage.
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development - Answer -Piaget proposed that as children's
thinking becomes more advanced their understanding of moral problems deepens.
Heteronomous Morality - Answer -According to Piaget's theory of moral development,
the younger stage when children think rules are unchangeable and that breaking rules
leads to punishment.
Autonomous Morality - Answer -According to Piaget's theory of moral development, the
older stage when children understand that rules are created and that punishments are
not automatic.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning - Answer -Lawrence Kohlberg proposed students
pass through three levels and six stages of moral reasoning.
Preconventional Level of Morality - Answer -Stages 1 and 2 of Kohlberg's model of
moral reasoning in which children make moral decisions in their own interests to avoid
punishments. Safety is the main consideration.
Conventional Level of Morality - Answer -Stages 3 and 4 of Kohlberg's model of moral
reasoning during which children make moral decisions in consideration of others.
Fairness is the main consideration.
Postconventional Level of Morality - Answer -Stages 5 and 6 of Kohlberg's model of
moral reasoning in which students define their own values in terms of ethical principles.
Ethical behavior is a decision of conscience according to self-chosen principles and
laws can be changed for the good of society.
Socioeconomic Status (SES) - Answer -Social class defined in terms of income,
occupation, education, possessions, and prestige in society. A measure of prestige
within a social group.
Ethnicity - Answer -A shared cultural heritage and traditions often based on race,
religion, language, or national identity.
Bilingual Education - Answer -Instructional programs for students who speak little or no
English in which instruction is provided in the native language as well as English.
Four types of Bilingual Education - Answer -language immersion; transitional; paired
bilingual; and two-way bilingual
Limited English Proficient (LEP) - Answer -A student who possesses limited mastery of
the English language affecting instruction and learning.
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