This pdf is a visual and concise summary of the Research Methods / Methodology 1 course at the Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam (VU) for the English psychology track (But may also be helpful for Dutch students). Includes information from the book and the lectures (note: not of the extra online syll...
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→ a to practice empiricism .
.
History of science →
theory predicts data
,
data supports
theory s through testing
① Plato -0
Strong Rationalism ,
no empiricism ③ Aristotle →
strong rationalism
,
some empiricism but not
systematic
•
theory of ideas To •
knowledge comes from ideas but also observations
•
Observations must be mistrusted • deduction = deduce new knowledge from certain truths
new knowledge by Reasoning from ideas induction generalize from observations
• • ⇐
f.
④ Alexandria (Egypt)
-
-
o
strong empiricism ,
no rationalism ③ Alexander
-
the great =
Conquerer of mainly asia &
egypt
new centre of science AT Hellenism of Greek 9
spreading culture
• •
-
o
• Said the sun & planets orbit earth in perfect circles •
Adopted ideas
by greeks t Hellenist s
-138
observations in consisted explained with elipses
•
were -0 •
Transplanting t
enriching Athenian t Alexandrian knowledge
( earth middle)
geocentric solar system as Made contributions to
(nr )
•
positional numeral
•
new
system .
O
&
⑧ Scientific
-
revolution G Goos ) ⑦ European
-
medieval period
•
Strong Re -
evaluation of natural
philosophy Athenian,
•
early =
knowledge based on the bible
•
Importance of observation from Alexandria ) BEG • late =
Rediscovery of aristotle when Arabic culture spread
•
mathematical ion of Reality (algebra from Islam ) •
Thomas Aquinas - b Reconciliation between aristotle t bible
• tech development ( telescope + microscope ) t book
printing
④ Copernicus
of ④ EQUI
•
Saw Copernicus was right
-
• introduced heliocentric solar system -
Bp o
experimentation (systemic manipulation)
but careful about spreading it
•
accurate observations t mathematicalion
.
l
④ Newton ( princip
-
a book
'
-
④ Johannes
-
Kepler
*
-
•
based on accurate astronomical observations •
discovered the orbit around the sun was elliptical
•
described a formal theory that fitted all Recent observations
→ silenced all critics scientific revolution complete
,
,Practices of empiricists -
o the theory - data
cycle ( predict ,
collect ,
test
,
update)
•
theory = a set of statements describing general principles about how variables Relate .
•
hypothesis = a prediction of the specific expected outcome if the theory is correct (situational )
data set of observations that support challenge the hypothesis 1 theory
•
= or
theory a Good
÷:aese
theories are
ok -
f Rec supported data (preferably
by large quantity evidence
•
& of
a
variety
.
§
•
Research questions •
falsifiable = a
theory must lead to an
hypothesis that could fail to support
* I
÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷
+nannies.
. .
a
§ hypothesis e
-
O scientists evaluate theories based on the
weight of the evidence
"
t
support
data non
The method be used for both applied & basic Research :
empirical can
Basic
-
research Translational Research Applied Research
& T
e
T
g
•
goal is to enhance uses lessons from basic •
practical problems
apt
Research to develop &
general knowledge . conducted in Real
test the applications world contexts
may be applied
•
IRL
Later on
-
#
- .
Scientific sources
Publication process ( peer-Reviewed journals)
-
÷÷÷÷::÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷:
① Researcher submits a manuscript to suitable journal
÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷::
Conditional on minor revision ,
immediate acceptance
→ find original sources t be skeptical ④ author revises a Resubmits
-
-
Don 't base belief upon experience •
no control group
•
too many confounds o Confederate = actor for the experiment
but behavioral research is probabilistic = findings don't explain cases all the time
5examplesofbiasedthink.in#
/: thinning
① accepting a conclusion bc it makes sense / feels natural (believing a
good story)
:c. :a:::÷ :c:: . en
:: ::÷÷ :::: ::÷::÷:::::÷i ::c:
④ Bias blind spot = the belief we're
unlikely to fall to
prey
of
being biased ourselves
-
⑧
/
Pseudoscience -
B dare ma cation criteria of science
/
( order Scheider de )
PI!!: Jase: OY !! is!a%
"
:
observation y systematic empiricism ( unbiased observation
•
Resistance against scientific research 2) testable theories & hypotheses (falsifiable t data >
theory )
•
,: ÷:÷:÷÷:÷÷÷÷:÷÷::÷ ÷÷÷i÷ ÷:÷
:::÷::::::i..n↳..
Components of an em Peri cat journal article Fundamental assumptions of science
•
the existence ol a true (material) Reality
① abstract
:::::::m÷:÷÷::::::÷: : :::
.
. ' "
② Introduction -0 1St
paragraph : explains topic of the study
•
the discovered order is never final
2nd :
lays out the background for the research
3Rd : States specific Research
questions goals ,
t
hypotheses Reality & Construct in science
③ Method -0 explains in detail how the study was conducted
Reality = observable -
P data d Results
÷ : i:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷:÷÷:÷ ÷ ÷i÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
2 discusses the study 's importance
.
Induction : from the observable data we induce
3. MAY discuss alternative explanations for the data
a non -
observable construct
⑥ References = full bibliographic list of all the sources
Hypothesis = a testable explanation ol a
-
T
I
phenomenon not
directly observable
I
↳ to test ,
weh-aueaniaaowha.my
-
a
hypothesis a prediction must
y
be derived from tailored to
explain the data leading to -
I
it a
#
,
"
f. £,
specific situation
"" "
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II: : :::::: : : :*:
' '
prediction supports
.. . .. . . 1 Theory =
System of logically coherent constructs
/
I statements about a certain of
the
hypothesis l
area
Reality
l supported by data no contradictions
-
concept
o
conceptual definitions = the careful definition of conceptual variables leg . what do we mean with
'
socializing
'
)
Lto measurable 2) Operational .
. .
•
Variables
> both Relating to the specific (test) situation
•
definitions
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