Summary of lectures Integrated Biomedical Sciences (AM_1281)
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Integrated Biomedical Sciences (AM_1281)
Instelling
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Summary and notes of the lectures of intergrated Biomedical sciences of the master biomedical sciences at the VU. The summary contains important images from lectures and notes.
Lecture 1: introduc7on to the course & history of biomedical sciences
Biomedicine: a branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles
to prac6ce à health and sickness are separated
17th century scien6fic revolu6on – body is a machine
- Boerhave: the body is a machine, the pa6ents is central, cu@ng pa6ents to see what
is in the body
- Harvey: the heart works like a pump
Early 19th century
- Percussion (technique of medical examina6on
- The laboratory gets prominence
o Cellular pathology (Virchow)
o The microscope improves (Ernst Abbe)
- Laboratory revolu6on
o Pasteur: discovered that microorganisms cause fermenta6on and disease
o Koch: Discovered tuberculosis bacteria
o Flemming: Discovered penicillin
Biomedicaliza6on
- Biomedicine is dominant in the system and signify ‘modern’ medicine
- Diagnosis is more focused on metrics rather than symptoms
- The development of the randomized clinical trial (RCT)
Reduc6onism
- Ontological claim that the whole organism is nothing more the sum of its parts
- Methodological claim that an organism is best inves6gated by its parts
- Evidence based medicine
Crisis in evidence based medicine?
- The volume of evidence has become unmanageable
- Sta6s6cally significant benefit may be marginal in clinical prac6ce à because every
treated individual is different
- Inflexible rules and technology driven prompts may produce care that is management
driven rather than pa6ent centred à money based
- Evidence based guidelines o]en map poorly to individuals, and complex
mul6morbidity
Interdisciplinarity
- Biomedical sciences aims to improve quality of life through medical innova6on
à this requires collabora6on
- Needed to prevent analy6cal and fragmented thinking
Scien6fic discipline has
- Ontology: the art of being
- Epistemology: the art of knowing (methodology)
- Conceptology: the art of understanding
What Is interdisciplinarity
, - Source of inspira6on à new combina6ons lead to innova6on
- Improve research quality
- Address interes6ng complex scien6fic ques6on or
topics you cannot answer from a monodisciplinary
Complex adap6ve system
- Biological process are complicated systems and more
factors influence the outcome, so interdisciplinarity is
necessary
Epidemiological triangle
- Host (suscep6bility), environment, agent (cause of
the disease)
Two ways of looking at knowledge
- Objec6vism (beta)
o presen6ng facts as the truth
o The reality is observed
o Knowledge van be formulated into laws
- Social construc6vism - interpre6vism (alfa, gamma)
o Truth and meaning are constructed by the person/researcher
o Interpreta6ons of the world
o Reality is experienced, so there are more reali6es, meaning is not stable
Meaning of interdisciplinarity
- Integra6on of discipline, more disciplinary perspec6ves by working on the same topic
- Different dimensions of different aspects
- How to work: get to know various interdisciplinary, working with others
- Challenges: 6me, effort and money; worlds are apart
- Integra6on of disciplines: working on the same complex problem/topics
,Lecture 2: Core concepts and processes in immunology
The immune system
- Response against the infec6ous pathogens
- Disturbed immunity: allergy, autoimmunity
- Ar6ficially induced immune responses à Vaccina6on
Different pathogens require different mechanism withing the immune system
Innate immune system:
Three pathways of complement ac6va6on
1. Alterna6ve route
- Spontaneous ac6va6on;
- Suppressed by ‘self’ proteins of the cell
2. Lec6n route
- Mannose binding lec6n (MBL) binds to carbohydrate on pathogen
3. Classical route
- ac6vates the complement system via IgM an6bodies, CRP via C1q
All complement ac6va6on routes converge on C3 ac6va6on
Complement ac6va6on results in death of the pathogen by:
- recruitment of inflammatory cells
- opsoniza6on of pathogens à killing by phagocytosis
- perfora6on of pathogen cell membranes
Pafern recogni6on receptors (PRRs)
- mediates the innate immune system
- Recognize PAMPs which are components of invading pathogens à DNA/RNA, cell
wall components such as lipids
- Contain extracellular and intracellular receptors
- Results in ac6va6on of cells and the produc6on of cytokines and induc6on of
pathogens
- Expressed by immune cells including macrophages, monocytes, granulocytes
Different types of PRRS
- Toll-like receptor
o Membrane bound receptors
, o TLR signaling results in pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 1 IFN
o Two types: cell surface TLRs and intracellular TLRs à bound to the membrane
of endosome
- NOD-like receptor
o Cytosolic recogni6on of various ligand
o Result in inflammatory cytokines and IL-1
- C-type lec6n receptor
o Ca2+ dependent recogni6on of carbohydrates
o Signaling
o An6gen uptake/phagocytosis
- Re6noic acid-inducible Macgene (RIG)-I-like receptors
o Cytosolic recogni6on of DNA and RNA
o Results in type 1 IFN
IFN-1: cytokines that play an important role in inflamma6on, T cell responses
Inflamma6on is caused by the recogni6on of innate immune system
Macrophages
- Express a lot of PRRs à recognizes various pathogens
- Alarm the immune system upon 6ssue damage and infec6on: cytokine produc6on
Neutrophils
- Important for bacterial and fungal infec6ons
- Efficient killer with a short-life span
- Expression of mul6ple receptors for pathogen recogni6on
- Expression of toxic granules for killing
- Innate soldiers: Reserves of neutrophils are stored in the bone
marrow and are released when needed to fight an infec6ons
à engulf and kill bacteria à degraded by macrophages à
‘one life’
Dendri6c cells (DCs)
- Present in all 6ssues
- Express PRRS and become ac6vated when s6mulated à
migrate to the lymphoid organs à ac6vated the adap6ve
immune system by an6gen presen6ng to T cells
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