PSYC 355 final exam study questions and answers graded 2024
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PSYC 355
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Athabasca University (AU
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the most common cause of wrongful convictions - eyewitness error
the 3 stages of memory - encoding, storage, retrieval
how does distance affect encoding? - the farther witnesses are from the target, the less accurate they are are identifying the target
how does emotional state (stress in p...
PSYC 355 final exam study questions
and answers graded 2024
the most common cause of wrongful convictions - eyewitness error
the 3 stages of memory - encoding, storage, retrieval
how does distance affect encoding? - the farther witnesses are from the target, the less
accurate they are are identifying the target
how does emotional state (stress in particular) affect encoding? - high stress = less
accuracy in identifying people
weapon-focus effect - tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention to itself,
impairing a witness's ability to identify the culprit
cross-race identification bias (2) - tendency for people to be more accurate at
recognizing members of their own racial group than of other groups; also occurs with
age groups
misinformation effect - tendency for false *post-event misinformation* to become
integrated into people's memory of an event
factors that affect children's eyewitness testimonies (3) - repetition of a question (implies
that the previous answer was not good enough), leading questions, misinformation
how do facial composites or artist's sketches affect retrieval? - they seldom resemble
the culprit, and they lower identification accuracy
how does lineup *construction* affect identification accuracy? - fillers/foils should match
general description of the culprit; no single suspect should be distinctive (e.g., smaller
picture); their emotional expressions should be similar
how does lineup *instruction* affect identification accuracy? - being told the culprit is in
the lineup can lead to picking an innocent person b/c the witness feels compelled to pick
someone
how does lineup *format* affect identification accuracy? - sequential lineups lead to
better accuracy than simultaneous spreads; the latter leads to relative judgments
, PSYC 355 final exam
how does *familiarity* affect identification accuracy in a lineup? - witnesses will often
identify from a lineup someone they had seen in another context, including innocent
bystanders who also happened to be at the crime scene
how do *double blind* procedures affect identification accuracy in a lineup? - witnesses
make more suspect identifications when the administrator is informed rather than blind
as to who the suspect is
factors that affect jurors' evaluation of witness testimonies (2) - jurors are not
knowledgeable about things like cross-race bias and weapon focus; they largely base
their judgment of a witness on how confident they seem
factors that affect a witness's confidence (3) - reports of co-witnesses; repeated
questioning (increases confidence); the dud effect (presence of fillers that don't
resemble the criminal can increase confidence)
post-identification feedback effect - Positive feedback can alter an eyewitness's account
of the experience and inflate their level of confidence
how does the post-identification feedback effect influence juries? - after positive
feedback, juries find it much harder to tell the difference between accurate and mistaken
witnesses
factor that influences alibis for a new acquaintance - physical evidence (e.g., seeing
stolen cash)
(similarity or friendliness had no significant effect)
are professionals good at reading verbal and nonverbal cues to detect lies? - they are
only slightly better (if at all) than the average person (~54% accuracy)
do polygraph tests work? (2) - somewhat, but truthful people often fail the test; people
can fool the test by inflating arousal while answering control questions, matching their
arousal for crime-relevant questions
2 reasons/types of false confessions - compliance and internalization (falsely believing
themselves to be guilty)
explain why *compliance* confessions occur - humans tend to be shortsighted when it
comes to rewards/punishments, and this is exacerbated with stress; interrogation is
often stressful, so suspects sometimes confess to escape interrogation
risk factors for *internalization* confessions (2) - suspect lacks clear memory of the
event in question; false evidence is presented
how do offers of leniency affect confessions? - increases the rates of both true and false
confessions
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