EPHE 155 final || Already Graded A+.
water soluble vitamins correct answers Vitamins B and C
-cooking and washing them with water can leach them out of food
-body easily absorbs and excretes them
-can't reach toxic levels by food
-not stored for long (at most a month)
vitamin C correct answers ascorbic acid/calcium ascorbate (buffered)
-co-enzyme in the formation and maintenance of collagen and connective. tissue
-cofactor in the production of carnitine; important in the transport of fatty acids
-anti-oxidant; protects substances from oxidation by being oxidized itself. Protects iron in the
intestines and promotes iron absorbtion
-supports immune function
Vitamin C deficiencies correct answers Scurvy: caused by breakdown of collagen
Symptoms: bruising, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, fatigue, bone fragility frequent
infection, anemia
UL and excess of Vitamin C correct answers UL: 2000mg
nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and iron storage
the B vitamins correct answers involved in the release of energy from carbohydrate, fat, and
protein into ATP (coenzymes), production of protein and cell multiplication
coenzymes correct answers An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some
enzymatic reactions;
Vitamin B1 correct answers Thiamin
-co-enzyme in energy metabolism
-occupies a site on nerve cell membranes, such that nerve processes rely on thiamin
-found in oatmeal, whole grains and pork
Thiamin deficiency correct answers Beriberi: loss of sensation in the hands and feet, advancing
paralysis, muscular weakness, abnormal heart
,symptoms: enlarged heart or heart failure, muscular weakness, pain, apathy, poor short-term
memory, confusion, irritability, paralysis, anorexia and weight loss
Vitamin B2 correct answers Riboflavin
-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-found in dairy, eggs, beef liver and fortified soy
Riboflavin deficiency correct answers Cracks and redness at corners of mouth; painful, smooth,
purplish red tongue; sore throat; inflamed eyes and eyelids, sensitivity to light; skin rashes
Vitamin B3 correct answers Niacin (niacinamide)
-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-found in chicken, ground beef, tuna, beef liver, cheese and soy
Niacin deficiency correct answers Pellegra: Dermitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
other symptoms: depression, apathy, fatigue, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, swelling, red
or black tongue
UL and excess of niacin correct answers UL: 35mg
excess symptoms: niacin flush (red cheeks), excess sweating, blurred vision, liver damage,
impaired glucose tolerance
Vitamin B9 correct answers folate (folic acid)
-must be present to make new cells and tissue; helps to synthesize DNA
-important for cell metabolism
-Works with B12 to make RBCs
-depends on B12 for activation
-found in broccoli, egg, peanut butter, asapragus
Folate deficiency correct answers megaloblastic anemia (abnormal, immature RBCs) and neural
tube defects (abnormalities of brain and spinal cord apparent at birth)
symptoms: abnormal digestion, decreased immune system
UL of folate correct answers UL: 1000 micrograms from non food
, Vitamin B12 correct answers Cobalamin
-coenzyme involved in new cell synthesis
-helps maintain the myelin sheath
-depends on folate for activation (low B12 causes low folate)
-found in milk, soy, ground beef, egg and tuna
Vitamin B12 deficiency correct answers macrocytic anemia (due to reduction in folate activity)
symptoms: smooth tongue, tingling, fatigue, memory loss, disorientation, degeneration of nerves
B12/Intrinsic Factor Relationship correct answers absorption of B12 requires intrinsic factor, a
compound made by the stomach
-stomach acid unfolds the protein with B12 so intrinsic factor can bind and transport B12 into the
SI and Blood stream
-some people inherit a deficiency of intrinsic factor; with age people can lose their ability to
produce it
-lack of intrinsic factor can cause pernicious anemia
Vitamin B6 correct answers Pyridoxine
-participates in over 100 reactions in body tissue
-aids in conversion of tryptophan to niacin
-important role in synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters, i.e. conversion of tryptophan
to serotonin
-assists in releasing stored glucose from. gylcogen
-roles in immune function and hormone activity
-brain and nervous system development
-found in banana, chicken, beef, tuna and sunflower seeds
Pyridoxine deficiency correct answers dermatitis,
anemia, impaired immune function, weakness, dermatitis, neurological disorders, confusion,
convulsions, build up of homocysteine in the blood
