AQA PSYCHOLOGY, THE APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
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AQA PSYCHOLOGY
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AQA PSYCHOLOGY
AQA PSYCHOLOGY, THE APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
psychology emerging as a science; timeline
17th-19th century → psychology is a branch of philosophy
1879 → psychology becomes a science and Wundt's lab is established
1900s → Freud establ...
17th-19th century → psychology is a branch of philosophy
1879 → psychology becomes a science and Wundt's lab is established
1900s → Freud established psychodynamic approach
1913 → Watson and Skinner established the behaviourist approach
1950s → Rogers and Maslow established the humanistic approach
1960s → cognitive approach is established and Bandura proposes the social learning theory
1980s → the biological approach is established
eve of 21st century → cognitive neuroscience emerges
introspection and Wundt
-Wundt's lab was the first psychology lab, opened in 1879
-he used introspection to record conscious thoughts
-him and his co-workers aimed to break them down and isolate the structures using structuralism
evaluation
-it used standardised procedures but it wasn't empirical
introspection definition
the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes
,key assumptions of the biological approach
-behaviour is rooted in physiology
-everything psychological is first biological
-behaviour has a genetic basis
-psychology should study the brain and genes
-behaviour can be explained in terms of localised areas of the brain
-damage to certain parts of the brain can lead to behaviour changes
-behaviour can be caused by neurotransmitters
genotype definition
genetic makeup of an organism; e.g eye colour
phenotype defintion
physical expression of genotype; e.g height
structuralism definition
understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts
(sensations and feelings)
empiricism definition
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
cartesian dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter; and that the mind
and body are separate entities
empiricism
, John Locke
the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through
observation and experiment.
heredity definition
process in which traits are passed down from one generation to the next
dizygotic and monozygotic
Twins are either DZ (fraternal) twins or MZ (identical) twins.
researching genetics; twin studies
-comparisons of MZ and DZ twins are used to determine whether or not behaviours are genetic or
environmental
Concordance rate → the likelihood of one twin having a behaviour if the other one does
-if concordance rates for Mz twins are higher than DZ, then a genetic component is assumed
researching genetics; adoption studies
-looks at the impact of nurture because there's no biological connection between the parents and child,
so if they share traits they're likely produced by nurture (environment).
-but if the child shares traits with the biological parents then these are probably produced by nature
(genes)
evaluation of the biological approach
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